Question 1

Which antibody is secreted as a cross-linked pentamer?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgE 
D)  IgG 
E)  IgM 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgE 
D)  IgG 
E)  IgM

Question 2

A monoclonal antibody differs from a polyclonal antibody in that monoclonal antibodies:

Accepted Answer

A)  are labeled with chemicals that can be visualized. 
B)  are produced by cells from the same organism that produced the antigen. 
C)  are synthesized by a population of identical, or "cloned," cells. 
D)  are synthesized only in living organisms. 
E)  have only a single polypeptide chain that can recognize an antigen. 
A)  are labeled with chemicals that can be visualized. 
B)  are produced by cells from the same organism that produced the antigen. 
C)  are synthesized by a population of identical, or "cloned," cells. 
D)  are synthesized only in living organisms. 
E)  have only a single polypeptide chain that can recognize an antigen.

Question 3

The energy that is released by the hydrolysis of ATP by actin is used for:

Accepted Answer

A)  actin filament assembly. 
B)  actin filament disassembly. 
C)  actin-myosin assembly. 
D)  actin-myosin disassembly. 
E)  muscle contraction. 
A)  actin filament assembly. 
B)  actin filament disassembly. 
C)  actin-myosin assembly. 
D)  actin-myosin disassembly. 
E)  muscle contraction.

Question 4

You are working as a scientist in an antibody-design group at a biologics company. Based on your knowledge of antibodies, which region(s) on which antibody type should you target for your design efforts to develop new antigen-binding capabilities in soluble antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgG antibodies, variable light and variable heavy chain regions 
B)  IgE antibodies, constant light and variable heavy chain regions 
C)  IgG antibodies, variable heavy chain regions only 
D)  IgD antibodies, variable light and variable heavy chain regions 
E)  IgA antibodies, constant light and constant heavy chain regions 
A)  IgG antibodies, variable light and variable heavy chain regions 
B)  IgE antibodies, constant light and variable heavy chain regions 
C)  IgG antibodies, variable heavy chain regions only 
D)  IgD antibodies, variable light and variable heavy chain regions 
E)  IgA antibodies, constant light and constant heavy chain regions

Question 5

The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in Hemoglobin S results in aggregation of the protein because of _____ interactions between molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  covalent 
B)  disulfide 
C)  hydrogen bonding 
D)  hydrophobic 
E)  ionic 
A)  covalent 
B)  disulfide 
C)  hydrogen bonding 
D)  hydrophobic 
E)  ionic

Question 6

You are studying a muscle disorder where an individual's muscles have a higher tendency to be overextended due to a protein mutation. This mutation is likely to be in which protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  troponin 
B)  nebulin 
C)  myosin 
D)  myoglobin 
E)  desmin 
A)  troponin 
B)  nebulin 
C)  myosin 
D)  myoglobin 
E)  desmin

Question 7

Describe how calcium ions are involved in stimulating muscle contraction. Include the involvement of troponin and tropomyosin in your description.

Accepted Answer

When a muscle is stimulated to contract,

Question 8

An individual molecular structure within an antigen to which an individual antibody binds is as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen. 
B)  epitope. 
C)  Fab region. 
D)  Fc region 
E)  MHC site. 
A)  antigen. 
B)  epitope. 
C)  Fab region. 
D)  Fc region 
E)  MHC site.

Question 9

Which amino acid in hemoglobin is involved in coordinating iron in addition to the heme prosthetic group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tyr 
B)  Glu 
C)  His 
D)  Val 
E)  Cys 
A)  Tyr 
B)  Glu 
C)  His 
D)  Val 
E)  Cys

Question 10

Which statement about CO binding to hemoglobin is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  CO binds to hemoglobin better than O2 does. 
B)  CO binding to hemoglobin is reversible. 
C)  The binding of one CO molecule to hemoglobin makes the binding of other CO molecules more efficient. 
D)  A histidine residue in hemoglobin reduces the affinity of CO binding to heme. 
E)  The binding of one CO molecule to hemoglobin makes the binding of O2 molecules more efficient. 
A)  CO binds to hemoglobin better than O2 does. 
B)  CO binding to hemoglobin is reversible. 
C)  The binding of one CO molecule to hemoglobin makes the binding of other CO molecules more efficient. 
D)  A histidine residue in hemoglobin reduces the affinity of CO binding to heme. 
E)  The binding of one CO molecule to hemoglobin makes the binding of O2 molecules more efficient.

Question 11

Explain how the effects of sickle cell disease demonstrate that hemoblobin undergoes a conformational change upon releasing oxygen.

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorde

Question 12

Describe how you would determine the Ka (association constant) for a ligand and a protein.

Accepted Answer

To determine the association constant (K

Question 13

You are examining the effects of a mutation in the proximal histidine of a heme-containing protein. This mutation has changed the histidine into an alanine. Based on your knowledge of the role of heme in hemoglobin and how it is coordinated in the protein, what is the MOST likely effect of the mutation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heme will no longer be bound in the protein. 
B)  The iron in heme will be fully coordinated. 
C)  The iron in heme will have two uncoordinated bonds. 
D)  The heme will be able to bind to O2 more effectively than it will to CO. 
E)  There will be no effect on the protein due to this mutation. 
A)  Heme will no longer be bound in the protein. 
B)  The iron in heme will be fully coordinated. 
C)  The iron in heme will have two uncoordinated bonds. 
D)  The heme will be able to bind to O2 more effectively than it will to CO. 
E)  There will be no effect on the protein due to this mutation.

Question 14

The immunoglobulin fold motif in antibodies is composed primarily of which type(s) of secondary structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  $\alpha$ helices 
B)  $\beta$ strands 
C)  random coils 
D)  double helices 
E)   $\delta$  sheets 
A)  $\alpha$ helices 
B)  $\beta$ strands 
C)  random coils 
D)  double helices 
E)   $\delta$  sheets

Question 15

What is the chemical basis for the specificity of binding of an immunoglobin antibody to a particular antigen?

Accepted Answer

The chemical basis for the specificity o

Question 16

Sickle cell anemia is often lethal in childhood, yet the gene for sickle cell hemoglobin persists in the human population. Which statement BEST describes why this is the case?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals with sickle cell anemia are healthier than are normal individuals. 
B)  Individuals with sickle cell trait can carry more oxygen in their blood than do normal individuals. 
C)  Individuals with normal hemoglobin have malaria infections less often than do individuals with sickle cell trait. 
D)  Individuals with sickle cell trait are protected from malaria infection, while normal individuals are not. 
E)  Individuals with sickle cell anemia have more hemoglobin in their blood than do normal individuals. 
A)  Individuals with sickle cell anemia are healthier than are normal individuals. 
B)  Individuals with sickle cell trait can carry more oxygen in their blood than do normal individuals. 
C)  Individuals with normal hemoglobin have malaria infections less often than do individuals with sickle cell trait. 
D)  Individuals with sickle cell trait are protected from malaria infection, while normal individuals are not. 
E)  Individuals with sickle cell anemia have more hemoglobin in their blood than do normal individuals.

Question 17

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin stabilizes the _____ of the protein due to interactions between _____ residues in the center of the multisubunit complex.

Accepted Answer

A)  R state; Thr 
B)  R state; Glu 
C)  R state; His 
D)  T state; Glu 
E)  T state; His 
A)  R state; Thr 
B)  R state; Glu 
C)  R state; His 
D)  T state; Glu 
E)  T state; His

Question 18

Describe briefly the basic structure of an IgG protein molecule.

Accepted Answer

An IgG protein molecule, also known as a

Question 19

During muscle contraction, hydrolysis of ATP results in a change in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  conformation of actin. 
B)  conformation of myosin. 
C)  structure of the myofibrils. 
D)  structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  structure of the Z disk. 
A)  conformation of actin. 
B)  conformation of myosin. 
C)  structure of the myofibrils. 
D)  structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  structure of the Z disk.

Question 20

Two proteins bind to the same ligand, and protein A has half of its binding sites occupied when the ligand concentration is 0.5 mM, while protein B has half of its binding sites occupied when the ligand concentration is at 0.3 mM. Which protein binds the ligand more strongly, and what is the dissociation constant for that protein-ligand interaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protein A binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.3 mM. 
B)  Protein A binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.5 mM. 
C)  Protein B binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.3 mM. 
D)  Protein B binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.5 mM. 
E)  Both proteins bind the ligand with the same affinity, and Kd = 0.4 mM. 
A)  Protein A binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.3 mM. 
B)  Protein A binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.5 mM. 
C)  Protein B binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.3 mM. 
D)  Protein B binds more strongly, and Kd = 0.5 mM. 
E)  Both proteins bind the ligand with the same affinity, and Kd = 0.4 mM.

Exam 5: Protein Function

Which antibody is secreted as a cross-linked pentamer?

A monoclonal antibody differs from a polyclonal antibody in that monoclonal antibodies:

The energy that is released by the hydrolysis of ATP by actin is used for:

You are working as a scientist in an antibody-design group at a biologics company. Based on your knowledge of antibodies, which region(s) on which antibody type should you target for your design efforts to develop new antigen-binding capabilities in soluble antibodies?

The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in Hemoglobin S results in aggregation of the protein because of _____ interactions between molecules.

You are studying a muscle disorder where an individual's muscles have a higher tendency to be overextended due to a protein mutation. This mutation is likely to be in which protein?

Describe how calcium ions are involved in stimulating muscle contraction. Include the involvement of troponin and tropomyosin in your description.

An individual molecular structure within an antigen to which an individual antibody binds is as a(n):

Which amino acid in hemoglobin is involved in coordinating iron in addition to the heme prosthetic group?

Which statement about CO binding to hemoglobin is NOT correct?

Explain how the effects of sickle cell disease demonstrate that hemoblobin undergoes a conformational change upon releasing oxygen.

Describe how you would determine the Ka (association constant) for a ligand and a protein.

The immunoglobulin fold motif in antibodies is composed primarily of which type(s) of secondary structure?

What is the chemical basis for the specificity of binding of an immunoglobin antibody to a particular antigen?

Sickle cell anemia is often lethal in childhood, yet the gene for sickle cell hemoglobin persists in the human population. Which statement BEST describes why this is the case?

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin stabilizes the _____ of the protein due to interactions between _____ residues in the center of the multisubunit complex.

Describe briefly the basic structure of an IgG protein molecule.

During muscle contraction, hydrolysis of ATP results in a change in the:

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

Describe how you would determine the K_a (association constant) for a ligand and a protein.

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin stabilizes the _ of the protein due to interactions between _ residues in the center of the multisubunit complex.