Exam 19: Metabolic Integration

Compared with a normal patient,a person with type 1 diabetes would display __________ during a glucose tolerance test.

The exchange of fatty acids and triacylglycerols between the liver and adipose tissue is an ongoing process that helps maintain metabolic homeostasis.What is the name of this process?

Analysis of phosphorylated proteins in a cell with a fully active AMPK would reveal that __________ is phosphorylated.

Insulin-resistant diabetes,once called adult-onset diabetes,is now known as __________.Describe the main characteristics of this type of diabetes and contrast them to the main characteristics of childhood-onset diabetes.

Which of the following would show increased activity levels in a liver cell after exposure to insulin?

Adiponectin is

Both metformin and thiazolidinedione ultimately activate AMPK signaling.Yet the two drugs achieve this outcome by different means.Contrast the ways that these drugs activate AMPK signaling.

Skeletal muscle can use all of the following as metabolic fuel EXCEPT

Enzyme activities after PPAR signaling were monitored in both liver and skeletal muscle.When compared with activities before PPAR signaling,which of the following would have been found to increase in liver but NOT in skeletal muscle?

Which of the following activates triacylglycerol hydrolysis and fatty acid export in adipose tissue?

Fully active AMPK results in an increase in all pathways listed EXCEPT

Glucagon stimulates glucose export by increasing metabolic flux through gluconeogenesis in the

Serum levels of high-molecular-weight adiponectin are __________ in obese individuals,in part because of __________ suppression of adiponectin expression.

Compare the activation levels of AMPK signaling in a normal-weight versus an obese person in response to adiponectin exposure.

Modify the schematic below by properly labeling the four neurons (W,X,Y,and Z).

The net effect of leptin signaling in humans includes

During starvation,acetyl-CoA generated by fatty acid oxidation is used to generate ketone bodies.Relate how rates of fatty acid oxidation and flux through the citric acid cycle can lead to increased ketogenesis in this situation.

A patient presents with insulin resistance,hypertension,and hyperlipidemia.What condition would you diagnose this patient as having?

Samples of adipose tissue from a patient were analyzed by Western blot.Samples were obtained before and after treatment with a drug aimed to treat type 2 diabetes.Given the data shown,determine which sample (A or B)was obtained after drug administration.Discuss your reasoning and include the name of the drug that was used in the study.

The synthesis of dihydroxyacetone phosphate from amino acid backbones and lactate is carried out by the __________ pathway.