Question 1

Thrifty genes are __________ during times of starvation and __________ when physical activity is low.

Accepted Answer

A)  beneficial; beneficial 
B)  beneficial; detrimental 
C)  detrimental; detrimental 
D)  detrimental; beneficial 
A)  beneficial; beneficial 
B)  beneficial; detrimental 
C)  detrimental; detrimental 
D)  detrimental; beneficial

Question 2

Analysis of various cell types after exposure to insulin would show an increase in triacylglycerol synthesis in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  brain 
B)  skeletal muscle 
C)  liver 
D)  pancreas 
A)  brain 
B)  skeletal muscle 
C)  liver 
D)  pancreas

Question 3

Orlistat and olestra can both lead to undigested lipids in the colon,yet they do so by contrasting mechanisms.Orlistat __________,whereas olestra __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibits pancreatic lipase; activates PPAR   
B)  inhibits pancreatic lipase; is a fat substitute that is not a substrate for pancreatic lipase 
C)  is a fat substitute that is not a substrate for pancreatic lipase; inhibits pancreatic lipase 
D)  activates PPAR  ; inhibits pancreatic lipase 
A)  inhibits pancreatic lipase; activates PPAR   
B)  inhibits pancreatic lipase; is a fat substitute that is not a substrate for pancreatic lipase 
C)  is a fat substitute that is not a substrate for pancreatic lipase; inhibits pancreatic lipase 
D)  activates PPAR  ; inhibits pancreatic lipase

Question 4

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF-   
exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

Accepted Answer

On TNF- @#IMG-DLM&_TB6697_11 exposure IR

Question 5

Proposed by James Neel,the __________ explains the high rates of obesity in developed countries.Describe how fat storage is involved in this proposal.

Accepted Answer

Thrifty gene hypothesis.The thrifty gene

Question 6

Activation of __________ in __________ leads to downregulation of adiponectin.

Accepted Answer

A)  IKK; adipocytes 
B)  p38 MAP kinase; adipocytes 
C)  p38 MAP kinase; liver cells 
D)  JNK; adipocytes 
A)  IKK; adipocytes 
B)  p38 MAP kinase; adipocytes 
C)  p38 MAP kinase; liver cells 
D)  JNK; adipocytes

Question 7

Which protein will be phosphorylated in a muscle cell in an obese individual with elevated serum levels of free fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

A)  protein kinase C 
B)  insulin receptor 
C)  IRS1 
D)  GLUT1 
A)  protein kinase C 
B)  insulin receptor 
C)  IRS1 
D)  GLUT1

Question 8

Most fad diets do not work because

Accepted Answer

A)  they cost too much. 
B)  40% of people do not "stick to it." 
C)  they increase caloric intake. 
D)  they slow metabolism because of a lack of micronutrient consumption. 
A)  they cost too much. 
B)  40% of people do not "stick to it." 
C)  they increase caloric intake. 
D)  they slow metabolism because of a lack of micronutrient consumption.

Question 9

Which tissue participates in the triacylglycerol cycle in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  liver 
C)  kidney 
D)  brain 
A)  skeletal muscle 
B)  liver 
C)  kidney 
D)  brain

Question 10

Human gene variants favoring individuals with a capacity to store extra fat during times of feast are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Neel variants. 
B)  thrifty genes. 
C)  leptos genes. 
D)  Pima variants. 
A)  Neel variants. 
B)  thrifty genes. 
C)  leptos genes. 
D)  Pima variants.

Question 11

Reduced levels of __________ molecular-weight serum adiponectin in obese individuals results in __________ activation of AMPK signaling in muscle cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  low; decreased 
B)  low; increased 
C)  high; decreased 
D)  high; increased 
A)  low; decreased 
B)  low; increased 
C)  high; decreased 
D)  high; increased

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor nuclear receptor proteins that function in metabolic homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  PPAR   
B)  PPAR   
C)  PPAR   
D)  PPAR   
A)  PPAR   
B)  PPAR   
C)  PPAR   
D)  PPAR

Question 13

Neuronal samples from wild-type mice were monitored in the absence and presence of leptin via Western blotting.The data are shown below.Choose the answer that correctly identifies the NPY/AGRP neuronal samples obtained in the absence and then the presence of leptin.

Accepted Answer

A)  B; C 
B)  D; B 
C)  A; C 
D)  C; A 
A)  B; C 
B)  D; B 
C)  A; C 
D)  C; A

Question 14

Whipple surgery,sometimes carried out on patients battling pancreatic cancer,is one of the most demanding surgeries to perform.It involves removing parts of the pancreas and rerouting aspects of the digestive track.Which of the following side effects may result from Whipple surgery?

Accepted Answer

A)  type 1 diabetes 
B)  type 2 diabetes 
C)  leptin insensitivity 
D)    -MSH overproduction 
A)  type 1 diabetes 
B)  type 2 diabetes 
C)  leptin insensitivity 
D)    -MSH overproduction

Question 15

Muscle cells from normal and obese type 2 diabetic patients were analyzed for plasma membrane lipid content.Which of the following would likely be elevated in the diabetic patient?

Accepted Answer

A)  IR 
B)  IRS1 
C)  IP3 
D)  DAG 
A)  IR 
B)  IRS1 
C)  IP3 
D)  DAG

Question 16

Which of the following neurons is a second-order neuron and therefore does NOT respond directly to leptin?

Accepted Answer

A)  POMC 
B)  orexigenic 
C)  NPY 
D)  AGRP 
A)  POMC 
B)  orexigenic 
C)  NPY 
D)  AGRP

Question 17

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Accepted Answer

Administer insulin and monitor

Question 18

The set point can be increased as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  a sedentary lifestyle. 
B)  starvation. 
C)  negative energy imbalance. 
D)  weight loss. 
A)  a sedentary lifestyle. 
B)  starvation. 
C)  negative energy imbalance. 
D)  weight loss.

Question 19

A comparison of kidney and liver would show that both

Accepted Answer

A)  accept blood through the portal vein. 
B)  express glucokinase. 
C)  express phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 
D)  express adipokines. 
A)  accept blood through the portal vein. 
B)  express glucokinase. 
C)  express phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. 
D)  express adipokines.

Question 20

Humans have evolved to utilize ketone bodies as a partial replacement for glucose during times of starvation before moving toward muscle protein as an energy source.Why is this beneficial?

Accepted Answer

Preserving muscle protein incr

Exam 19: Metabolic Integration

Thrifty genes are __________ during times of starvation and __________ when physical activity is low.

Analysis of various cell types after exposure to insulin would show an increase in triacylglycerol synthesis in which of the following?

Orlistat and olestra can both lead to undigested lipids in the colon,yet they do so by contrasting mechanisms.Orlistat __________,whereas olestra __________.

Compare the phosphorylation state of IRS1 in a normal muscle cell on TNF- exposure with that of a muscle cell exposed to insulin.

Proposed by James Neel,the __________ explains the high rates of obesity in developed countries.Describe how fat storage is involved in this proposal.

Activation of __________ in __________ leads to downregulation of adiponectin.

Which protein will be phosphorylated in a muscle cell in an obese individual with elevated serum levels of free fatty acids?

Most fad diets do not work because

Which tissue participates in the triacylglycerol cycle in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis?

Human gene variants favoring individuals with a capacity to store extra fat during times of feast are known as

Reduced levels of __________ molecular-weight serum adiponectin in obese individuals results in __________ activation of AMPK signaling in muscle cells.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor nuclear receptor proteins that function in metabolic homeostasis?

Neuronal samples from wild-type mice were monitored in the absence and presence of leptin via Western blotting.The data are shown below.Choose the answer that correctly identifies the NPY/AGRP neuronal samples obtained in the absence and then the presence of leptin.

Whipple surgery,sometimes carried out on patients battling pancreatic cancer,is one of the most demanding surgeries to perform.It involves removing parts of the pancreas and rerouting aspects of the digestive track.Which of the following side effects may result from Whipple surgery?

Muscle cells from normal and obese type 2 diabetic patients were analyzed for plasma membrane lipid content.Which of the following would likely be elevated in the diabetic patient?

Which of the following neurons is a second-order neuron and therefore does NOT respond directly to leptin?

Design a blood test that could distinguish between those with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

The set point can be increased as a result of

A comparison of kidney and liver would show that both

Humans have evolved to utilize ketone bodies as a partial replacement for glucose during times of starvation before moving toward muscle protein as an energy source.Why is this beneficial?

Principles of Biochemistry

Physical Biochemistry: Energy Conversion,water,and Membranes

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

Protein Structure

Methods in Protein Biochemistry

Protein Function

Enzyme Mechanisms

Cell Signaling Systems

Glycolysis: a Paradigm of Metabolic Regulation

The Citrate Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Lipid Structure and Function

Lipid Metabolism

Amino Acid Metabolism

Nucleotide Metabolism

Dna Replication, repair, and Recombination

Rna Synthesis, processing, and Gene Silencing

Protein Synthesis, posttranslational Modification, and Transport

Gene Regulation

Filters

Thrifty genes are during times of starvation and when physical activity is low.

Orlistat and olestra can both lead to undigested lipids in the colon,yet they do so by contrasting mechanisms.Orlistat ,whereas olestra .

Activation of in leads to downregulation of adiponectin.

Reduced levels of molecular-weight serum adiponectin in obese individuals results in activation of AMPK signaling in muscle cells.