Exam 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism

During the synthesis of proteins,amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because the tRNA molecules that bring them to the ribosome have a(n)________ that is complementary to a specific codon in the mRNA.

Explain what a concentration gradient is and how it assists a cell in doing its work.

Protein folding can take place spontaneously or with ________.

RNA is usually ________ -stranded.

A certain reaction pathway consists of four steps.How would decreasing the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the second step affect the process?

Two types of RNA block translation of mRNA.They are ________ RNA and ________ RNA.

During starvation,steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid metabolism in their target cells.This would be an example of control by

If the enzyme RNA polymerase was completely inhibited within a cell,it could not

All of the triplet codes needed to produce exactly one functional piece of RNA are found in one

When an enzyme's activity is destroyed by heat or a change in pH,the enzyme is said to be

Match the specific enzyme to its class. -kinase

After forming a complex with the ribosome,mRNA interacts with a third molecule.This molecule is called

The activity of metabolic pathways is influenced by the ratio of ________.

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)binds to the enzyme glycogen synthase (GS),increasing the probability of enzyme-substrate binding.G6P is an example of a(n)________.Based on its name,what do you think is the role of GS?

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________.The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________.

Explain how the analogy of a ball and a hill is useful for describing the forms of energy to beginning physiology students.Use the synthesis of glucose by plants and the break down of glucose by humans as specific examples of the energy hill.

After coming off a ribosome,several things can happen to the newly synthesized protein.Name three.

Bovine insulin is composed of 30 amino acids.What is the minimum number of DNA triplets in the insulin gene,based on the amino acid length? What is the minimum number of DNA bases in the coding region? Explain how and why the actual number of triplets in the gene may differ.

Organic molecules that act as receptors/carriers for the cleaved portion of the substrate are

________ generated in the ________ enter the electron transport system to generate 2.5 ATP molecules.