Exam 18: Gas Exchange and Transport

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg.

If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are severed,breathing will stop.

Which of the following characteristics makes hemoglobin's structure such a good match for its function as an oxygen carrier?

Which is typically more important in regulating the respiratory system,P_O2 or P_CO2? Explain your answer and briefly discuss the receptors involved.Give examples of situations in which each of those factors changes enough to stimulate a reflex.How and why are these factors related to each other?

Refer to the graph below. A.At a P_O2 of 80 mm Hg,which type of hemoglobin binds more oxygen? B.At a P_O2 of 40 mm Hg,which type of hemoglobin has released more oxygen to the cell? C.Explain the significance of the differences in fetal and maternal hemoglobin affinity. D.If a worm lived in low oxygen mud flats where the P_O2 is 60 mm Hg,which type of hemoglobin would be better for it to have? Explain.

The graph below shows an oxygen dissociation curve,with the normal curve in the center.What is the name of the phenomenon that shifts the curve to the right? What causes this change in oxygen dissociation? Is the shift beneficial or detrimental? Explain.

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following?

The carotid and aortic bodies contain specialized ________ cells,which can increase ventilation in response to changes in P_O2,P_CO2,or pH.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

Oxygen consumption increases with exercise due to the fact that the contracting muscles are doing work and require ATP to produce the contractions. A) How does the body meet the increased demand for oxygen? B) Calculate the oxygen consumption of a runner using the following information: Heart Rate: 130 bpm; Stroke Volume: 270 mL/beat; Arterial oxygen content: 250 mL O₂/L blood,

What are the two possible causes of lower alveolar P_O2? Give examples of each.

Match the lung disease to its description. -increased airway resistance

List,compare,and contrast the brain's centers for monitoring and controlling respiration.

________ is the enzyme that converts CO₂ into bicarbonate ions.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

________ is characterized by a thickened alveolar membrane,slowing respiratory gas exchange.

An industrious 10-year-old swimmer has attached an extension to his snorkel tube,so that he can sit on the bottom of the ocean for a longer period of time,watching the fish of the coral reef.What problems would you expect him to have? Assuming he is successful in breathing this way for a little while,what are some of the differences he will experience compared to normal breathing?

P_CO2 tends to be ________ in tissues than in systemic capillaries.

Drowning is often the introduction of outside water into the alveoli,yet some water is normally present in alveoli.Why is water normally present in the alveoli? What is present in alveolar fluid,besides water,that aids in respiration? What properties of water are detrimental to respiration? What causes drowning? While extremely rare,there have even been documented cases of people walking away from recreational swimming only to die later,on dry land,as a result of drowning (termed "delayed" or "secondary" drowning).Propose an explanation for delayed drowning.

Describe the problems that result in low arterial oxygen content.