Exam 18: Gas Exchange and Transport

________ is characterized by a decreased surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

Cary deliberately hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool.Shortly after he enters the water and begins swimming,he blacks out and almost drowns.What caused this to happen?

Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. -increased pH

If the partial pressure of oxygen in both air and water is 100 mm Hg,then the concentration of the oxygen is the same in the air and water.

An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

In the science fiction movie The Abyss,a diver is able to breathe while his head is immersed in a specially prepared liquid pumped into a water-tight helmet attached to a suit,thus allowing him to dive without an air tank and at greater depths than possible for scuba divers.Is this purely fiction,or is it at least theoretically possible? Explain,considering the nature of alveoli and alveolar gas exchange.Assuming it is possible,describe the composition and nature of the liquid in terms of its oxygen pressure and concentration.

Hemoglobin binds to and has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO)than for oxygen.CO is colorless and odorless and can be produced in homes heated by natural gas; victims usually do not realize they are being poisoned and often die in their sleep.Describe the likely changes in a CO poisoning victim.

Do the factors affecting affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen have the same impact on loading and unloading in lungs and tissues? Explain your answer,and indicate if this presents a conflict in remedying hypoxia.Assuming a medical team has treatments available for changing all the factors affecting hemoglobin's oxygen affinity,how should they manipulate pH,temperature,P_CO2,and 2,3-DPG content in a hypoxic patient?

Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. -increased temperature

Match the lung disease to its description. -thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance

Match the lung disease to its description. -fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces

Write the chemical equation catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.Suppose the concentration of H⁺ is increased by an outside force in a solution that had been at equilibrium.According to the law of mass action,what must happen to the CO₂ concentration to reestablish equilibrium after this disturbance? What must happen to the concentration of bicarbonate?

Too little oxygen in cells is often accompanied by too much ________,which is called ________.

Jill lives in St.Louis,which is close to sea level.She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver.After a week in the mountains,what kinds of changes would you expect to see as Jill adapts to the higher altitude?

Specialized ________ in the carotid and aortic bodies are activated by a decrease in P_O2 and pH or an increase in P_CO2.What do they trigger?

Diffusion rate is directly proportional to ________ and ________.

List,compare,and contrast the locations and stimuli for respiratory chemoreceptors.

Draw a flow chart that shows the components of the reflex in which an increase in blood P_CO2 leads to increased ventilation.

Protective reflexes of the lungs include