Question 1

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes

Accepted Answer

A)  fluid administration. 
B)  potassium supplementation. 
C)  fluid restriction. 
D)  protein restriction. 
A)  fluid administration. 
B)  potassium supplementation. 
C)  fluid restriction. 
D)  protein restriction.

Question 2

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  severe hypotension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  bilateral kidney stones. 
D)  acute tubular necrosis. 
A)  severe hypotension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  bilateral kidney stones. 
D)  acute tubular necrosis.

Question 3

Signs of late chronic renal failure include (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  high-serum potassium levels. 
B)  high-serum calcium. 
C)  high-serum phosphorous. 
D)  high-blood urea nitrogen. 
E)  anemia. 
A)  high-serum potassium levels. 
B)  high-serum calcium. 
C)  high-serum phosphorous. 
D)  high-blood urea nitrogen. 
E)  anemia.

Question 4

Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calcium supplementation 
B)  Erythropoietin 
C)  Insulin 
D)  ACE inhibitors 
A)  Calcium supplementation 
B)  Erythropoietin 
C)  Insulin 
D)  ACE inhibitors

Question 5

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

Accepted Answer

A)  azotemia. 
B)  increased creatinine. 
C)  hypertension. 
D)  hyperkalemia. 
A)  azotemia. 
B)  increased creatinine. 
C)  hypertension. 
D)  hyperkalemia.

Question 6

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance. 
B)  fever and diminishing cognition. 
C)  sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. 
D)  magnesium and phosphorous loss in the urine. 
A)  fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance. 
B)  fever and diminishing cognition. 
C)  sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. 
D)  magnesium and phosphorous loss in the urine.

Question 7

A primary laboratory finding in end-stage chronic renal disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN). 
B)  decreased serum sodium. 
C)  metabolic alkalosis. 
D)  increased serum creatinine. 
A)  decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN). 
B)  decreased serum sodium. 
C)  metabolic alkalosis. 
D)  increased serum creatinine.

Question 8

Acute tubular necrosis can occur from (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  increased ammonia levels from liver failure. 
B)  contrast dyes used for radiologic studies. 
C)  ischemia because of hypovolemia. 
D)  antibiotics that are nephrotoxic. 
A)  increased ammonia levels from liver failure. 
B)  contrast dyes used for radiologic studies. 
C)  ischemia because of hypovolemia. 
D)  antibiotics that are nephrotoxic.

Question 9

When a patient misses two dialysis sessions numerous electrolyte imbalances resulted.The patient will likely demonstrate (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  lethargy because of metabolic acidosis and increased BUN. 
B)  skeletal muscle weakness and possible cardiac dysrhythmias because of hyperkalemia. 
C)  positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs because of hypomagnesemia. 
D)  weight gain of several pounds since her last dialysis session because of hypernatremia. 
E)  deep rapid breathing because of compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis. 
A)  lethargy because of metabolic acidosis and increased BUN. 
B)  skeletal muscle weakness and possible cardiac dysrhythmias because of hyperkalemia. 
C)  positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs because of hypomagnesemia. 
D)  weight gain of several pounds since her last dialysis session because of hypernatremia. 
E)  deep rapid breathing because of compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis.

Question 10

One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  hypertension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  chronic pyelonephritis. 
D)  polycystic kidney disease. 
A)  hypertension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  chronic pyelonephritis. 
D)  polycystic kidney disease.

Question 11

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in hospitalized patients is

Accepted Answer

A)  contrast media. 
B)  antibiotics. 
C)  cancer chemotherapy. 
D)  recreational drugs. 
A)  contrast media. 
B)  antibiotics. 
C)  cancer chemotherapy. 
D)  recreational drugs.

Question 12

If acute tubular necrosis (ATN)does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues,the patient will then experience

Accepted Answer

A)  oliguria and sodium retention. 
B)  infections and sepsis. 
C)  magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine. 
D)  polyuria and sodium wasting. 
A)  oliguria and sodium retention. 
B)  infections and sepsis. 
C)  magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine. 
D)  polyuria and sodium wasting.

Question 13

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate. 
B)  middle-aged woman with bladder infection. 
C)  young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction. 
D)  patient who has both hypertension and diabetes. 
A)  elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate. 
B)  middle-aged woman with bladder infection. 
C)  young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction. 
D)  patient who has both hypertension and diabetes.

Question 14

The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is

Accepted Answer

A)  serum creatinine. 
B)  serum potassium. 
C)  blood urea nitrogen. 
D)  mental status changes. 
A)  serum creatinine. 
B)  serum potassium. 
C)  blood urea nitrogen. 
D)  mental status changes.

Question 15

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is highest in

Accepted Answer

A)  a 70-year-old patient with heart failure. 
B)  a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery. 
C)  a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections. 
D)  a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis. 
A)  a 70-year-old patient with heart failure. 
B)  a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery. 
C)  a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections. 
D)  a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis.

Question 16

The diet for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)should include (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  high carbohydrates and fats. 
B)  low sodium and potassium. 
C)  high protein. 
D)  low phosphorous. 
E)  high calorie. 
A)  high carbohydrates and fats. 
B)  low sodium and potassium. 
C)  high protein. 
D)  low phosphorous. 
E)  high calorie.

Question 17

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI)is prevention.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in the United States is

Accepted Answer

A)  hypotension. 
B)  hypovolemia. 
C)  renal artery stenosis. 
D)  sepsis. 
A)  hypotension. 
B)  hypovolemia. 
C)  renal artery stenosis. 
D)  sepsis.

Exam 28: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

Signs of late chronic renal failure include (Select all that apply.)

Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

A primary laboratory finding in end-stage chronic renal disease is

Acute tubular necrosis can occur from (Select all that apply.)

When a patient misses two dialysis sessions numerous electrolyte imbalances resulted.The patient will likely demonstrate (Select all that apply.)

One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in hospitalized patients is

If acute tubular necrosis (ATN)does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues,the patient will then experience

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)

The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is highest in

The diet for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD)should include (Select all that apply.)

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI)is prevention.

The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in the United States is

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and Aids

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Homeostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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