Question 1

Which serum biomarker(s)are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T 
B)  Markedly decreased CK-MB and troponin I 
C)  Elevated LDL 
D)  Prolonged coagulation time 
A)  Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T 
B)  Markedly decreased CK-MB and troponin I 
C)  Elevated LDL 
D)  Prolonged coagulation time A

Question 2

Mitral stenosis is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  a prominent S₄ heart sound. 
B)  a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. 
C)  left ventricular hypertrophy. 
D)  a muffled second heart sound (S₂). 
A)  a prominent S₄ heart sound. 
B)  a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. 
C)  left ventricular hypertrophy. 
D)  a muffled second heart sound (S₂). B

Question 3

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

Accepted Answer

A)  tetralogy of Fallot. 
B)  transposition of the great arteries. 
C)  ventricular septal defect. 
D)  all right-to-left shunt defects. 
A)  tetralogy of Fallot. 
B)  transposition of the great arteries. 
C)  ventricular septal defect. 
D)  all right-to-left shunt defects. C

Question 4

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

Accepted Answer

A)  syncope. 
B)  hypertension. 
C)  increased pulse pressure. 
D)  peripheral edema. 
A)  syncope. 
B)  hypertension. 
C)  increased pulse pressure. 
D)  peripheral edema.

Question 5

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  impaired cardiac filling. 
B)  cardiac hypertrophy. 
C)  increased cardiac preload. 
D)  elevated myocardial oxygen consumption. 
A)  impaired cardiac filling. 
B)  cardiac hypertrophy. 
C)  increased cardiac preload. 
D)  elevated myocardial oxygen consumption.

Question 6

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.The likely cause of this pain is

Accepted Answer

A)  stable angina. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  coronary vasospasm. 
D)  unstable angina. 
A)  stable angina. 
B)  myocardial infarction. 
C)  coronary vasospasm. 
D)  unstable angina.

Question 7

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  diastolic murmur. 
B)  elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient. 
C)  elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure. 
D)  shortened ventricular ejection phase. 
A)  diastolic murmur. 
B)  elevated left ventricular/aortic systolic pressure gradient. 
C)  elevated systemic diastolic blood pressure. 
D)  shortened ventricular ejection phase.

Question 8

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  aortic regurgitation. 
B)  aortic stenosis. 
C)  mitral regurgitation. 
D)  mitral stenosis. 
A)  aortic regurgitation. 
B)  aortic stenosis. 
C)  mitral regurgitation. 
D)  mitral stenosis.

Question 9

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI)is

Accepted Answer

A)  severe, crushing chest pain. 
B)  ST-segment elevation. 
C)  dysrhythmias. 
D)  pain radiating to the lower legs. 
A)  severe, crushing chest pain. 
B)  ST-segment elevation. 
C)  dysrhythmias. 
D)  pain radiating to the lower legs.

Question 10

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI)is directed at

Accepted Answer

A)  protecting the heart from further ischemia. 
B)  decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. 
C)  reducing heart rate and blood pressure. 
D)  activating the parasympathetic system. 
A)  protecting the heart from further ischemia. 
B)  decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. 
C)  reducing heart rate and blood pressure. 
D)  activating the parasympathetic system.

Question 11

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiac catheterization. 
B)  antiplatelet drugs. 
C)  acute reperfusion therapy. 
D)  cardiac biomarkers only. 
A)  cardiac catheterization. 
B)  antiplatelet drugs. 
C)  acute reperfusion therapy. 
D)  cardiac biomarkers only.

Question 12

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  opening between the atria. 
B)  stricture of the aorta that impedes blood flow. 
C)  communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. 
D)  cyanotic heart defect associated with right-to-left shunt. 
A)  opening between the atria. 
B)  stricture of the aorta that impedes blood flow. 
C)  communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. 
D)  cyanotic heart defect associated with right-to-left shunt.

Question 13

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

Accepted Answer

A)  cell rupture. 
B)  insufficient glucose. 
C)  thrombus. 
D)  apoptosis. 
A)  cell rupture. 
B)  insufficient glucose. 
C)  thrombus. 
D)  apoptosis.

Question 14

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to

Accepted Answer

A)  dislodgement. 
B)  binding. 
C)  rupture. 
D)  attachment. 
A)  dislodgement. 
B)  binding. 
C)  rupture. 
D)  attachment.

Question 15

Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present as (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  unstable angina. 
B)  MI. 
C)  sudden cardiac arrest. 
D)  bleeding. 
E)  hypovolemia. 
A)  unstable angina. 
B)  MI. 
C)  sudden cardiac arrest. 
D)  bleeding. 
E)  hypovolemia.

Question 16

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

Accepted Answer

A)  chronic intravenous drug abuse. 
B)  viral infection with herpesvirus. 
C)  b-hemolytic streptococcal infection. 
D)  cardiomyopathy. 
A)  chronic intravenous drug abuse. 
B)  viral infection with herpesvirus. 
C)  b-hemolytic streptococcal infection. 
D)  cardiomyopathy.

Question 17

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98.How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  This is an expected blood pressure in the elderly and has little effect on left ventricular function. 
B)  Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. 
C)  High blood pressure enhances left ventricular perfusion during systole. 
D)  High-pressure workload leads to left ventricular atrophy. 
A)  This is an expected blood pressure in the elderly and has little effect on left ventricular function. 
B)  Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. 
C)  High blood pressure enhances left ventricular perfusion during systole. 
D)  High-pressure workload leads to left ventricular atrophy.

Question 18

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

Accepted Answer

A)  chest pain and ST elevation. 
B)  acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction. 
C)  murmur and abnormal valves on echocardiogram. 
D)  family history of cardiomyopathy. 
A)  chest pain and ST elevation. 
B)  acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction. 
C)  murmur and abnormal valves on echocardiogram. 
D)  family history of cardiomyopathy.

Question 19

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypotension 
B)  Bradycardia 
C)  Aortic regurgitation 
D)  Tachycardia 
A)  Hypotension 
B)  Bradycardia 
C)  Aortic regurgitation 
D)  Tachycardia

Question 20

Inflammatory disorders that may alter endothelial cell function include (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple sclerosis. 
B)  lupus erythematosus. 
C)  Kawasaki syndrome. 
D)  rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  polyarteritis nodosa. 
A)  multiple sclerosis. 
B)  lupus erythematosus. 
C)  Kawasaki syndrome. 
D)  rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  polyarteritis nodosa.

Exam 18: Alterations in Cardiac Function

Which serum biomarker(s)are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells?

Mitral stenosis is associated with

An example of an acyanotic heart defect is

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest.The likely cause of this pain is

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI)is

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI)is directed at

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to

Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present as (Select all that apply.)

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

An elderly patient's blood pressure is measured at 160/98.How would the patient's left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure?

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Inflammatory disorders that may alter endothelial cell function include (Select all that apply.)

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and Aids

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Homeostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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