Question 1

The glomerular filtration rate is most accurately reflected in the

Accepted Answer

A)  blood urea nitrogen level. 
B)  urinary output. 
C)  serum osmolality. 
D)  serum creatinine level. 
A)  blood urea nitrogen level. 
B)  urinary output. 
C)  serum osmolality. 
D)  serum creatinine level. D

Question 2

Renin is released from

Accepted Answer

A)  the posterior pituitary gland. 
B)  the liver. 
C)  juxtaglomerular cells. 
D)  macula densa cells. 
A)  the posterior pituitary gland. 
B)  the liver. 
C)  juxtaglomerular cells. 
D)  macula densa cells. C

Question 3

Factors that increase the glomerular filtration rate include

Accepted Answer

A)  fluid volume excess. 
B)  increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule. 
C)  high oncotic pressure in glomerular capillary blood. 
D)  obstruction in the renal tubules. 
A)  fluid volume excess. 
B)  increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule. 
C)  high oncotic pressure in glomerular capillary blood. 
D)  obstruction in the renal tubules. A

Question 4

An important sign of glomerular basement membrane dysfunction is

Accepted Answer

A)  proteinuria. 
B)  hematuria. 
C)  glycosuria. 
D)  urinary casts. 
A)  proteinuria. 
B)  hematuria. 
C)  glycosuria. 
D)  urinary casts.

Question 5

Which finding on urinalysis should prompt further evaluation?

Accepted Answer

A)  pH 4.5 
B)  Red blood cells 2 per high-power field 
C)  Specific gravity of 1.015 
D)  White blood cells 20 per high-power field 
A)  pH 4.5 
B)  Red blood cells 2 per high-power field 
C)  Specific gravity of 1.015 
D)  White blood cells 20 per high-power field

Question 6

Serious renal impairment generally does not occur until ____ of the total nephrons have been damaged.

Accepted Answer

A)  20% 
B)  40% 
C)  60% 
D)  80% 
A)  20% 
B)  40% 
C)  60% 
D)  80%

Question 7

Hormones that increase sodium reabsorption from the tubular fluid include (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  aldosterone. 
B)  atrial natriuretic peptide. 
C)  antidiuretic hormone. 
D)  urodilatin. 
E)  angiotensin II. 
A)  aldosterone. 
B)  atrial natriuretic peptide. 
C)  antidiuretic hormone. 
D)  urodilatin. 
E)  angiotensin II.

Question 8

Serum creatinine may be increased by

Accepted Answer

A)  carbohydrate intake. 
B)  fat intake. 
C)  muscle breakdown. 
D)  fluid intake. 
A)  carbohydrate intake. 
B)  fat intake. 
C)  muscle breakdown. 
D)  fluid intake.

Question 9

Approximately two thirds of the water and electrolytes filtered by the kidney are reabsorbed by the

Accepted Answer

A)  loop of Henle. 
B)  collecting tubule. 
C)  distal tubule. 
D)  proximal tubule. 
A)  loop of Henle. 
B)  collecting tubule. 
C)  distal tubule. 
D)  proximal tubule.

Question 10

The primary selectivity barrier for glomerular filtration is the

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerular basement membrane. 
B)  endothelial tight junctions. 
C)  epithelial fenestra. 
D)  mesangial cells. 
A)  glomerular basement membrane. 
B)  endothelial tight junctions. 
C)  epithelial fenestra. 
D)  mesangial cells.

Question 11

It is true that glucose reabsorption in the tubules

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs passively. 
B)  occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
C)  is unlimited. 
D)  simply does not occur. 
A)  occurs passively. 
B)  occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. 
C)  is unlimited. 
D)  simply does not occur.

Question 12

Excess potassium is excreted from the body by the renal system primarily via

Accepted Answer

A)  glomerular filtration based on blood level of potassium. 
B)  reabsorption based on blood level of potassium. 
C)  secretion based on aldosterone level. 
D)  an unknown mechanism. 
A)  glomerular filtration based on blood level of potassium. 
B)  reabsorption based on blood level of potassium. 
C)  secretion based on aldosterone level. 
D)  an unknown mechanism.

Question 13

The underlying mechanism which directly results in glycosuria is

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration of glucose from the glomerulus. 
B)  exceeding the threshold for glucose reabsorption. 
C)  secretion of glucose into the distal tubule. 
D)  the mechanism is unknown. 
A)  filtration of glucose from the glomerulus. 
B)  exceeding the threshold for glucose reabsorption. 
C)  secretion of glucose into the distal tubule. 
D)  the mechanism is unknown.

Question 14

The main driving force for glomerular filtration is

Accepted Answer

A)  oncotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule. 
B)  hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries. 
C)  permeability of the glomerular membrane. 
D)  solute content of the blood in the glomerular capillaries. 
A)  oncotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule. 
B)  hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries. 
C)  permeability of the glomerular membrane. 
D)  solute content of the blood in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 15

The primary function of the vasa recta is to

Accepted Answer

A)  secrete renin. 
B)  reabsorb NaCl. 
C)  reabsorb interstitial fluid. 
D)  secrete urea. 
A)  secrete renin. 
B)  reabsorb NaCl. 
C)  reabsorb interstitial fluid. 
D)  secrete urea.

Question 16

The glucose transporter in the proximal tubule

Accepted Answer

A)  has no transport maximum. 
B)  does not depend on sodium reabsorption. 
C)  is ATP-dependent. 
D)  may be saturated at high filtered glucose loads. 
A)  has no transport maximum. 
B)  does not depend on sodium reabsorption. 
C)  is ATP-dependent. 
D)  may be saturated at high filtered glucose loads.

Question 17

The blood urea nitrogen (BUN)level is affected by (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  protein intake. 
B)  fat intake. 
C)  fluid intake. 
D)  catabolism. 
E)  renal function. 
A)  protein intake. 
B)  fat intake. 
C)  fluid intake. 
D)  catabolism. 
E)  renal function.

Exam 26: Renal Function

The glomerular filtration rate is most accurately reflected in the

Renin is released from

Factors that increase the glomerular filtration rate include

An important sign of glomerular basement membrane dysfunction is

Which finding on urinalysis should prompt further evaluation?

Serious renal impairment generally does not occur until ____ of the total nephrons have been damaged.

Hormones that increase sodium reabsorption from the tubular fluid include (Select all that apply.)

Serum creatinine may be increased by

Approximately two thirds of the water and electrolytes filtered by the kidney are reabsorbed by the

The primary selectivity barrier for glomerular filtration is the

It is true that glucose reabsorption in the tubules

Excess potassium is excreted from the body by the renal system primarily via

The underlying mechanism which directly results in glycosuria is

The main driving force for glomerular filtration is

The primary function of the vasa recta is to

The glucose transporter in the proximal tubule

The blood urea nitrogen (BUN)level is affected by (Select all that apply.)

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and Aids

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Homeostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Intrarenal Disorders

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

Filters