Question 1

Renal regulation of salt is the primary means of achieving salt balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Normally, the major source of H⁺ in the body is the formation of sulphuric and phosphoric acid produced during metabolism of dietary proteins that contain sulphate and phosphate groups.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The largest percentage of water is located in which "compartment"

Accepted Answer

A) synovial fluid 
B) plasma 
C) interstitial fluid 
D) intracellular fluid 
A) synovial fluid 
B) plasma 
C) interstitial fluid 
D) intracellular fluid

Question 4

Why would eating a very salty snack make you thirsty

Accepted Answer

A) It would cause decreased ECF volume. 
B) It would decrease the osmolarity of the ECF. 
C) It would inhibit the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
D) It would stimulate the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
A) It would cause decreased ECF volume. 
B) It would decrease the osmolarity of the ECF. 
C) It would inhibit the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
D) It would stimulate the hypothalamic osmoreceptors.

Question 5

Vasopressin is normally secreted when a deficit of water develops in the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-This occurs as a consequence of excessive vasopressin secretion.

Accepted Answer

A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration 
A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration

Question 7

Which of these statements does NOT describe HCO₃- excretion by the kidneys

Accepted Answer

A) During HCO₃- reabsorption, HCO₃- in the tubular fluid is actively cotransported by K⁺. 
B) HCO₃- is not excreted at pH = 7.4. 
C) Secretion of H⁺ is accompanied by the addition of new HCO₃- to the plasma. 
D) Excretion of HCO₃- increases during alkalosis. 
A) During HCO₃- reabsorption, HCO₃- in the tubular fluid is actively cotransported by K⁺. 
B) HCO₃- is not excreted at pH = 7.4. 
C) Secretion of H⁺ is accompanied by the addition of new HCO₃- to the plasma. 
D) Excretion of HCO₃- increases during alkalosis.

Question 8

Match the buffer systems, labelled a. through d., with their correct characteristic.
-important urinary buffer

Accepted Answer

A) haemoglobin buffer system 
B) phosphate buffer system 
C) protein buffer system 
D) H2CO3:HCO₃- buffer system 
A) haemoglobin buffer system 
B) phosphate buffer system 
C) protein buffer system 
D) H2CO3:HCO₃- buffer system

Question 9

Match the aspects of extracellular fluid, labelled a. and b., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-depends primarily on Na⁺ balance

Accepted Answer

A) regulation of ECF volume 
B) regulation of ECF osmolarity 
A) regulation of ECF volume 
B) regulation of ECF osmolarity

Question 10

The amount of Na⁺ filtered is controlled by regulating the ____________________.

Accepted Answer

GFRglomeru

Question 11

A person with diarrhoea loses excessive salt and water from the body. This loss results in Na⁺ depletion, dehydration, a decreased extracellular fluid volume, a reduction in plasma volume, and a decreased systemic arterial blood pressure.The following refer to the events that occur to compensate for this fluid loss. Match the effects, labelled a. through c., with the factors listed. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-aldosterone secretion

Accepted Answer

A) exhibits no change 
B) is increased 
C) is decreased 
A) exhibits no change 
B) is increased 
C) is decreased

Question 12

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are located nearest which of the following

Accepted Answer

A) angiotensin-secreting cells 
B) carotid baroreceptors 
C) the adrenal cortex 
D) vasopressin-secreting cells 
A) angiotensin-secreting cells 
B) carotid baroreceptors 
C) the adrenal cortex 
D) vasopressin-secreting cells

Question 13

Water is the most abundant component of the body, making up over 95 percent of body weight.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which mechanism does NOT directly or indirectly control sodium

Accepted Answer

A) the baroreceptor reflexes 
B) the renin-angiotensin mechanism 
C) aldosterone activity 
D) altered gastrointestinal absorption 
A) the baroreceptor reflexes 
B) the renin-angiotensin mechanism 
C) aldosterone activity 
D) altered gastrointestinal absorption

Question 15

The first line of defence against this change in [H⁺] is the chemical buffer systems.Which primary buffer system will respond to this change

Accepted Answer

A) phosphate buffer system 
B) NH4+:NH3 buffer system 
C) protein buffer system 
D) haemoglobin buffer system 
A) phosphate buffer system 
B) NH4+:NH3 buffer system 
C) protein buffer system 
D) haemoglobin buffer system

Question 16

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO₃-] levels, labelled a. through i., in each of the following situations. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-uncompensated metabolic acidosis

Accepted Answer

A) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal 
B) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal 
C) [CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] normal 
D) [CO₂] decreased below normal,[ HCO₃-] normal 
E) [CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
F)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
G)[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
H)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
I)[CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] normal 
A) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal 
B) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal 
C) [CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] normal 
D) [CO₂] decreased below normal,[ HCO₃-] normal 
E) [CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
F)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
G)[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
H)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
I)[CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] normal

Question 17

Match the buffer systems, labelled a. through d., with their correct characteristic.
-primary intracellular buffer

Accepted Answer

A) haemoglobin buffer system 
B) phosphate buffer system 
C) protein buffer system 
D) H2CO3:HCO₃- buffer system 
A) haemoglobin buffer system 
B) phosphate buffer system 
C) protein buffer system 
D) H2CO3:HCO₃- buffer system

Question 18

Control of salt balance in humans is accomplished primarily by control of salt intake via a well-developed salt hunger.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

____________________ is the acid found in the stomach.

Accepted Answer

HClHydroch

Question 20

A person with diarrhoea loses excessive salt and water from the body. This loss results in Na⁺ depletion, dehydration, a decreased extracellular fluid volume, a reduction in plasma volume, and a decreased systemic arterial blood pressure.The following refer to the events that occur to compensate for this fluid loss. Match the effects, labelled a. through c., with the factors listed. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-renin secretion

Accepted Answer

A) exhibits no change 
B) is increased 
C) is decreased 
A) exhibits no change 
B) is increased 
C) is decreased

Renal regulation of salt is the primary means of achieving salt balance.

Normally, the major source of H⁺ in the body is the formation of sulphuric and phosphoric acid produced during metabolism of dietary proteins that contain sulphate and phosphate groups.

The largest percentage of water is located in which "compartment"

Why would eating a very salty snack make you thirsty

Vasopressin is normally secreted when a deficit of water develops in the body.

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -This occurs as a consequence of excessive vasopressin secretion.

Which of these statements does NOT describe HCO₃- excretion by the kidneys

Match the buffer systems, labelled a. through d., with their correct characteristic. -important urinary buffer

Match the aspects of extracellular fluid, labelled a. and b., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -depends primarily on Na⁺ balance

The amount of Na⁺ filtered is controlled by regulating the ____________________.

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are located nearest which of the following

Water is the most abundant component of the body, making up over 95 percent of body weight.

Which mechanism does NOT directly or indirectly control sodium

The first line of defence against this change in [H⁺] is the chemical buffer systems.Which primary buffer system will respond to this change

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO₃-] levels, labelled a. through i., in each of the following situations. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -uncompensated metabolic acidosis

Match the buffer systems, labelled a. through d., with their correct characteristic. -primary intracellular buffer

Control of salt balance in humans is accomplished primarily by control of salt intake via a well-developed salt hunger.

____________________ is the acid found in the stomach.

The Foundation of Physiology

Cell Physiology

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

Principles of Endocrinology: The Central Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine Glands

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

Vascular Physiology

The Blood

Body Defences

The Respiratory System

The Urinary System

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Reproductive System

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Exam 14: Fluid and Acidbase Balance

Renal regulation of salt is the primary means of achieving salt balance.

Normally, the major source of H⁺ in the body is the formation of sulphuric and phosphoric acid produced during metabolism of dietary proteins that contain sulphate and phosphate groups.

The largest percentage of water is located in which "compartment"

Why would eating a very salty snack make you thirsty

Vasopressin is normally secreted when a deficit of water develops in the body.

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -This occurs as a consequence of excessive vasopressin secretion.

Which of these statements does NOT describe HCO₃- excretion by the kidneys

Match the buffer systems, labelled a. through d., with their correct characteristic. -important urinary buffer

Match the aspects of extracellular fluid, labelled a. and b., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -depends primarily on Na⁺ balance

The amount of Na⁺ filtered is controlled by regulating the ____________________.

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors are located nearest which of the following

Water is the most abundant component of the body, making up over 95 percent of body weight.

Which mechanism does NOT directly or indirectly control sodium

The first line of defence against this change in [H⁺] is the chemical buffer systems.Which primary buffer system will respond to this change

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO₃-] levels, labelled a. through i., in each of the following situations. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -uncompensated metabolic acidosis

Match the buffer systems, labelled a. through d., with their correct characteristic. -primary intracellular buffer

Control of salt balance in humans is accomplished primarily by control of salt intake via a well-developed salt hunger.

____________________ is the acid found in the stomach.

The Foundation of Physiology

Cell Physiology

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

Principles of Endocrinology: The Central Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine Glands

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

Vascular Physiology

The Blood

Body Defences

The Respiratory System

The Urinary System

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Reproductive System

Filters