Question 1

H⁺ generated from CO₂ at the tissue level is buffered in transit between the tissues and the lungs by primarily which of the following

Accepted Answer

A) haemoglobin 
B) phosphate buffer system 
C) H2CO3:HCO₃- buffer system 
D) plasma proteins 
A) haemoglobin 
B) phosphate buffer system 
C) H2CO3:HCO₃- buffer system 
D) plasma proteins

Question 2

A person with diarrhoea loses excessive salt and water from the body. This loss results in Na⁺ depletion, dehydration, a decreased extracellular fluid volume, a reduction in plasma volume, and a decreased systemic arterial blood pressure.The following refer to the events that occur to compensate for this fluid loss. Match the effects, labelled a. through c., with the factors listed. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-amount of Na⁺ reabsorbed

Accepted Answer

A) exhibits no change 
B) is increased 
C) is decreased 
A) exhibits no change 
B) is increased 
C) is decreased

Question 3

Which of these statements does NOT describe the compensatory measures for a fall in arterial blood pressure

Accepted Answer

A) increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance as a result of the baroreceptor reflex 
B) a shift of fluid out of the vasculature and into the interstitial compartment 
C) a reduction in the urinary excretion of salt and accompanying fluid 
D) reabsorption of sodium by the distal tubules 
A) increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance as a result of the baroreceptor reflex 
B) a shift of fluid out of the vasculature and into the interstitial compartment 
C) a reduction in the urinary excretion of salt and accompanying fluid 
D) reabsorption of sodium by the distal tubules

Question 4

If the pH of body fluids is 7.3, acidosis is said to exist even though a solution with a pH of 7.30 is chemically considered to be basic.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of these statements does NOT pertain to a patient with lung congestion

Accepted Answer

A) He would have higher levels of carbonic acid in the blood. 
B) He would have a slower respiratory rate. 
C) He would be making use of chemical buffers to a greater extent. 
D) His kidneys would likely be compensating for this condition. 
A) He would have higher levels of carbonic acid in the blood. 
B) He would have a slower respiratory rate. 
C) He would be making use of chemical buffers to a greater extent. 
D) His kidneys would likely be compensating for this condition.

Question 7

The percentage of body water varies from person to person.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO₃- reabsorption are not the same HCO₃- ions that were filtered.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The major intracellular cation is ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The major intracellular cation is ____________________....

Question 10

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-ECF and ICF become hypertonic.

Accepted Answer

A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration 
A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration

Question 11

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-Osmolarity of the body fluids is decreased.

Accepted Answer

A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration 
A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration

Question 12

Hypertonicity in the ECF is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The tissue with the lowest percentage of water is the skeleton.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO₃-] levels, labelled a. through i., in each of the following situations. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

Accepted Answer

A) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal 
B) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal 
C) [CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] normal 
D) [CO₂] decreased below normal,[ HCO₃-] normal 
E) [CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
F)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
G)[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
H)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
I)[CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] normal 
A) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal 
B) [CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal 
C) [CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] normal 
D) [CO₂] decreased below normal,[ HCO₃-] normal 
E) [CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
F)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
G)[CO₂] decreased below normal, [HCO₃-] increased above normal
H)[CO₂] increased above normal, [HCO₃-] decreased below normal
I)[CO₂] normal, [HCO₃-] normal

Question 15

Which of these conditions would be a cause of metabolic acidosis

Accepted Answer

A) severe diarrhoea 
B) severe vomiting 
C) aspirin poisoning 
D) emphysema 
A) severe diarrhoea 
B) severe vomiting 
C) aspirin poisoning 
D) emphysema

Question 16

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-This occurs as a consequence of excessive fluid intake.

Accepted Answer

A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration 
A) overhydration 
B) dehydration 
C) both overhydration and dehydration 
D) neither overhydration nor dehydration

Question 17

Loss of water from the lungs is one example of sensible loss.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which tissues in the body contain the lowest percentage of water

Accepted Answer

A) blood 
B) skeleton 
C) muscle 
D) adipose 
A) blood 
B) skeleton 
C) muscle 
D) adipose

Question 19

Match the aspects of extracellular fluid, labelled a. and b., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.)
-is primarily important to prevent fluid shifts between the ECF and ICF

Accepted Answer

A) regulation of ECF volume 
B) regulation of ECF osmolarity 
A) regulation of ECF volume 
B) regulation of ECF osmolarity

Question 20

If the tubular filtrate becomes too acidic, what is secreted by the tubular epithelial cells to buffer the secreted H⁺

Accepted Answer

A) HCO₃- 
B) OH- 
C) NH3 
D) NH4+ 
A) HCO₃- 
B) OH- 
C) NH3 
D) NH4+

H⁺ generated from CO₂ at the tissue level is buffered in transit between the tissues and the lungs by primarily which of the following

Which of these statements does NOT describe the compensatory measures for a fall in arterial blood pressure

If the pH of body fluids is 7.3, acidosis is said to exist even though a solution with a pH of 7.30 is chemically considered to be basic.

Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.

Which of these statements does NOT pertain to a patient with lung congestion

The percentage of body water varies from person to person.

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO₃- reabsorption are not the same HCO₃- ions that were filtered.

The major intracellular cation is ____________________.

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -ECF and ICF become hypertonic.

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -Osmolarity of the body fluids is decreased.

Hypertonicity in the ECF is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

The tissue with the lowest percentage of water is the skeleton.

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO₃-] levels, labelled a. through i., in each of the following situations. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

Which of these conditions would be a cause of metabolic acidosis

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -This occurs as a consequence of excessive fluid intake.

Loss of water from the lungs is one example of sensible loss.

Which tissues in the body contain the lowest percentage of water

Match the aspects of extracellular fluid, labelled a. and b., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -is primarily important to prevent fluid shifts between the ECF and ICF

If the tubular filtrate becomes too acidic, what is secreted by the tubular epithelial cells to buffer the secreted H⁺

The Foundation of Physiology

Cell Physiology

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

Principles of Endocrinology: The Central Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine Glands

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

Vascular Physiology

The Blood

Body Defences

The Respiratory System

The Urinary System

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Reproductive System

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Exam 14: Fluid and Acidbase Balance

H⁺ generated from CO₂ at the tissue level is buffered in transit between the tissues and the lungs by primarily which of the following

Which of these statements does NOT describe the compensatory measures for a fall in arterial blood pressure

If the pH of body fluids is 7.3, acidosis is said to exist even though a solution with a pH of 7.30 is chemically considered to be basic.

Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.

Which of these statements does NOT pertain to a patient with lung congestion

The percentage of body water varies from person to person.

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO₃- reabsorption are not the same HCO₃- ions that were filtered.

The major intracellular cation is ____________________.

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -ECF and ICF become hypertonic.

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -Osmolarity of the body fluids is decreased.

Hypertonicity in the ECF is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

The tissue with the lowest percentage of water is the skeleton.

Indicate the [CO₂] and [HCO₃-] levels, labelled a. through i., in each of the following situations. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

Which of these conditions would be a cause of metabolic acidosis

Match the imbalances, labelled a. through d., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -This occurs as a consequence of excessive fluid intake.

Loss of water from the lungs is one example of sensible loss.

Which tissues in the body contain the lowest percentage of water

Match the aspects of extracellular fluid, labelled a. and b., with the descriptions. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) -is primarily important to prevent fluid shifts between the ECF and ICF

If the tubular filtrate becomes too acidic, what is secreted by the tubular epithelial cells to buffer the secreted H⁺

The Foundation of Physiology

Cell Physiology

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic

Principles of Endocrinology: The Central Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine Glands

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

Vascular Physiology

The Blood

Body Defences

The Respiratory System

The Urinary System

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Reproductive System

Filters