Exam 14: Theories of Personality

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories, and images that occur across all cultures

The textbook authors point out that in order to discuss the influence of the environment on personality, we must answer the question, "What is the environment?" The three crucial aspects of the environment, according to our authors, are:

Dr. Izzo, a clinical psychologist, would be likely to note that an important trait, ________, is not included among the Big Five.

In reading about different theories of personality in Chapter 14, you learned that one of the founders of humanist psychology was Abraham Maslow. According to Maslow, psychology focused too much on hostility, instincts, and repressed concepts (psychoanalytic view) and on reinforcers, punishers, and specific behaviours (behaviourist view). Instead, he suggested, psychology should focus on positive aspects of human nature and the characteristics of individuals who are striving for love, esteem, and self-actualization. It is interesting to note that the behaviourist tradition (discussed in Chapter 7) has shed light on ways that are effective and ineffective in the development of self-esteem and the nurturance of intrinsic talents and interests. Analyze the research on intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in light of Maslow's humanist theory.

A friend asks you about your intro psych instructor. You tell her that he is very nice, generous, warm, really funny, and extremely intelligent. According to Gordon Allport's approach, you have described his ________ traits.

By the 1990s, researchers had shown that about half of the variation in personality traits is due to genetic variations.

Clinical psychologists would be likely to note that an important trait, ________, is not included among the Big Five.

Freud believed that unconscious conflicts have more power over human behaviour than do our conscious intentions.

Honora is an unemotional, slow-moving sort of person. According to the early philosophers, she has an excess of :

Match the names with concepts related to their theories. -object-relations theory

Displacement occurs when people direct their emotions toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings.

Temperaments fluctuate dramatically over time.

Personality traits that are highly heritable:

According to Freud, the psychosexual stage that occurs during infancy is called the:

Which defence mechanism involves unconscious expulsion or conscious suppression of disturbing material from awareness?

In response to the concerns of critics, some psychologists are using empirical methods to refine psychodynamic concepts. Describe one example of this contemporary research.

The personality theory that is most embedded in popular culture is:

Contrast the characteristics of individualist and collectivist cultures in regard to the following: * definitions of self * goals * values * individual attitudes * group norms * cost/benefit ratio in maintaining relationships

When displacement serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, it is called:

Abraham Maslow suggested that personality theorists study healthy, strong, creative individuals.