Question 1

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)proteins:

Accepted Answer

A) control antibody gene expression. 
B) cause cancer. 
C) mark cells as "self." 
D) are released by T cells to kill infected cells. 
A) control antibody gene expression. 
B) cause cancer. 
C) mark cells as "self." 
D) are released by T cells to kill infected cells.

Question 2

A natural killer cell prevents viral infection by:

Accepted Answer

A) enzymatically degrading all viruses. 
B) enzymatically destroying cells that are infected with a virus. 
C) secreting proteins that make pores in the viral membrane. 
D) ingesting the viruses and digesting them. 
A) enzymatically degrading all viruses. 
B) enzymatically destroying cells that are infected with a virus. 
C) secreting proteins that make pores in the viral membrane. 
D) ingesting the viruses and digesting them.

Question 3

Who first performed vaccinations using cowpox viruses to provide immunity against smallpox viruses?

Accepted Answer

A) Lady Montague 
B) Jenner 
C) Pasteur 
D) Phipps 
A) Lady Montague 
B) Jenner 
C) Pasteur 
D) Phipps

Question 4

An autoimmune disease is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

A) the absence of an inflammatory response. 
B) "anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells. 
C) an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system. 
D) increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions. 
A) the absence of an inflammatory response. 
B) "anti-self" antibodies that can destroy some "self" cells. 
C) an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system. 
D) increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions.

Question 5

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are:

Accepted Answer

A) dendritic cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) mast cells. 
D) B cells. 
E) T cells. 
A) dendritic cells. 
B) natural killer cells. 
C) mast cells. 
D) B cells. 
E) T cells.

Question 6

A cell can signal to the immune system that it is infected with a virus by:

Accepted Answer

A) secreting histamine. 
B) attaching viral proteins to its membrane. 
C) releasing steroid hormones. 
D) creating antigens. 
E) releasing interferon. 
A) secreting histamine. 
B) attaching viral proteins to its membrane. 
C) releasing steroid hormones. 
D) creating antigens. 
E) releasing interferon.

Question 7

________ are cells that leave the capillaries and enter tissue to attack and ingest invading microbes.

Accepted Answer

A) Phagocytes 
B) Lymphocytes 
C) Mast cells 
D) Natural killer cells 
A) Phagocytes 
B) Lymphocytes 
C) Mast cells 
D) Natural killer cells

Question 8

________ cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow.

Accepted Answer

A) Helper T 
B) B 
C) Memory 
D) Cytotoxic T 
A) Helper T 
B) B 
C) Memory 
D) Cytotoxic T

Question 9

Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood?

Accepted Answer

A) plasma 
B) memory 
C) helper T 
D) cytotoxic T 
A) plasma 
B) memory 
C) helper T 
D) cytotoxic T

Question 10

Most specialized immune cells are located in the:

Accepted Answer

A) thyroid gland. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) lymph nodes. 
D) gall bladder. 
A) thyroid gland. 
B) hypothalamus. 
C) lymph nodes. 
D) gall bladder.

Question 11

Interferon:

Accepted Answer

A) kills bacteria. 
B) helps cells resist viral infection. 
C) causes fever. 
D) causes inflammation. 
A) kills bacteria. 
B) helps cells resist viral infection. 
C) causes fever. 
D) causes inflammation.

Question 12

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. Which of the following is most likely true about this antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

A) It is as effective now as when it first came out. 
B) All microbes are resistant to this antibiotic, given its widespread use. 
C) Some microbes aren't resistant to this antibiotic in areas where these products have not been distributed. 
D) Although bacteria may become resistant to triclosan, viruses will still be affected by it. 
A) It is as effective now as when it first came out. 
B) All microbes are resistant to this antibiotic, given its widespread use. 
C) Some microbes aren't resistant to this antibiotic in areas where these products have not been distributed. 
D) Although bacteria may become resistant to triclosan, viruses will still be affected by it.

Question 13

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

Accepted Answer

A) The flu is caused by either bacteria or viruses, depending on the year. 
B) The shots do not result in the production of memory cells. 
C) Flu viruses mutate rapidly. 
D) The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months. 
A) The flu is caused by either bacteria or viruses, depending on the year. 
B) The shots do not result in the production of memory cells. 
C) Flu viruses mutate rapidly. 
D) The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months.

Question 14

A student athlete suffered an injury while playing softball and subsequently has pain in her shoulder. The doctor prescribes a strong anti-inflammatory drug, such as a steroid. The doctor warns her that an increased risk of contracting a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, is associated with the steroid. Based on your knowledge of the immune system and on the example in this scenario, what do you conclude about such anti-inflammatory drugs?

Accepted Answer

A) The drug interferes with human mast cell function. 
B) The drug inhibits a part of the nonspecific defenses. 
C) The drug causes a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease. 
D) The drug is causing bacteria to cluster in the body. 
A) The drug interferes with human mast cell function. 
B) The drug inhibits a part of the nonspecific defenses. 
C) The drug causes a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease. 
D) The drug is causing bacteria to cluster in the body.

Question 15

When antibodies are acting as ________, they attract macrophages.

Accepted Answer

A) mast cells 
B) effectors 
C) B cells 
D) T cells 
E) receptors 
A) mast cells 
B) effectors 
C) B cells 
D) T cells 
E) receptors

Question 16

The major function of cell-mediated immunity is to:

Accepted Answer

A) decrease the amount of complement. 
B) increase the number of macrophages. 
C) promote the production of antigens. 
D) destroy cancerous or infected host cells. 
E) create more types of antigens. 
A) decrease the amount of complement. 
B) increase the number of macrophages. 
C) promote the production of antigens. 
D) destroy cancerous or infected host cells. 
E) create more types of antigens.

Question 17

When Europeans first came to North America, one of the most disastrous impacts on native populations was the introduction of "Old World diseases." These diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, and plague, devastated the Native American population as the number of settlers grew steadily. One author has called this "the greatest human catastrophe in history, far exceeding ... the Black Death of Medieval Europe." Based on this scenario and what you know about the immune system, what can you conclude about the Native American and European populations?

Accepted Answer

A) Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. 
B) Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. 
C) Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes. 
D) The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases. 
A) Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. 
B) Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. 
C) Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes. 
D) The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases.

Question 18

Antibodies are most similar in structure to:

Accepted Answer

A) bacteria. 
B) viruses. 
C) B-cell receptors. 
D) T-cell receptors. 
E) macrophages. 
A) bacteria. 
B) viruses. 
C) B-cell receptors. 
D) T-cell receptors. 
E) macrophages.

Question 19

Pyrogen:

Accepted Answer

A) increases the diversity of neutrophils. 
B) decreases the diversity of neutrophils. 
C) increases the set point of the hypothalamus thermostat. 
D) decreases the set point of the hypothalamus thermostat. 
E) is the chemical that triggers an inflammatory response. 
A) increases the diversity of neutrophils. 
B) decreases the diversity of neutrophils. 
C) increases the set point of the hypothalamus thermostat. 
D) decreases the set point of the hypothalamus thermostat. 
E) is the chemical that triggers an inflammatory response.

Question 20

Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever?

Accepted Answer

A) Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued. 
B) Aspirin reduces your ability to produce interferon. 
C) Aspirin stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response. 
D) Aspirin reduces your production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest. 
A) Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued. 
B) Aspirin reduces your ability to produce interferon. 
C) Aspirin stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response. 
D) Aspirin reduces your production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest.

Exam 36: Defenses Against Disease

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)proteins:

A natural killer cell prevents viral infection by:

Who first performed vaccinations using cowpox viruses to provide immunity against smallpox viruses?

An autoimmune disease is characterized by:

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are:

A cell can signal to the immune system that it is infected with a virus by:

________ are cells that leave the capillaries and enter tissue to attack and ingest invading microbes.

________ cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow.

Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood?

Most specialized immune cells are located in the:

Interferon:

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. Which of the following is most likely true about this antibiotic?

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

When antibodies are acting as ________, they attract macrophages.

The major function of cell-mediated immunity is to:

Antibodies are most similar in structure to:

Pyrogen:

Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever?

An Introduction to Life on Earth

Atoms, Molecules, and Life

Biological Molecules

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membrane Structure and Function

Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Capturing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis

Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction

Patterns of Inheritance

Dna: the Molecule of Heredity

Gene Expression and Regulation

Biotechnology

Principles of Evolution

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

The History of Life

Systematics: Seeking Order Amidst Diversity

The Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses

The Diversity of Protists

The Diversity of Plants

The Diversity of Fungi

Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity Ii: Vertebrates

Animal Behavior

Population Growth and Regulation

Community Interactions

How Do Ecosystems Work

Earths Diverse Ecosystems

Conserving Earths Biodiversity

Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body

Circulation

Respiration

Nutrition and Digestion

The Urinary System

Chemical Control of the Animal Body: the Endocrine System

The Nervous System

The Senses

Action and Support: the Muscles and Skeleton

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Transport

Plant Reproduction and Development

Plant Responses to the Environment

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