Question 1

What substance present in cocoa has a demonstrably protective effect against oxidative tissue damage that typically occurs after a stroke or a heart attack?

Accepted Answer

A) flagellin 
B) curcumin 
C) resveratrol 
D) epicatechin 
E) caffeine 
A) flagellin 
B) curcumin 
C) resveratrol 
D) epicatechin 
E) caffeine D

Question 2

Grafting is used to grow all varieties of edible apples. What does grafting involve?

Accepted Answer

A) repairing a damaged stem of a plant to continue its growth 
B) inducing polyploidy in plants 
C) growing new roots and shoots from extensions of a parent plant 
D) inducing a cutting from one plant to fuse with the tissues of another plant 
E) artificially inducing individual cells to divide and form an embryo 
A) repairing a damaged stem of a plant to continue its growth 
B) inducing polyploidy in plants 
C) growing new roots and shoots from extensions of a parent plant 
D) inducing a cutting from one plant to fuse with the tissues of another plant 
E) artificially inducing individual cells to divide and form an embryo D

Question 3

Consider the role of hormones in plant defense to microbes. How does ethylene control the production of receptors that detect bacterial flagella?

Accepted Answer

Plant cells have receptors that recognize molecules specific to microbial pathogens, including flagellin, a protein component of bacterial flagella. Flagellin binding to one of these receptors triggers a burst of ethylene synthesis. When ethylene is not present, ethylene receptors block transcription of a set of genes involved in defense. When ethylene is present, it binds to its receptors and locks them in an inactive form that marks them for destruction. Thus, ethylene synthesis lifts the brakes on production of molecules used in defense. The cell starts producing more receptors that detect bacterial flagella-a positive feedback loop that sensitizes the plant to the presence of more bacteria.

Question 4

Systemic acquired resistance begins when an infected tissue releases small molecules that travel to other parts of the plant, where they trigger cells to produce a plant hormone called ____.

Accepted Answer

A) hydrogen peroxide 
B) nitric oxide 
C) salicylic acid 
D) progesterone 
E) cytokinin 
A) hydrogen peroxide 
B) nitric oxide 
C) salicylic acid 
D) progesterone 
E) cytokinin

Question 5

Chrysanthemums and other short-day plants flower only when the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) hours of darkness are greater than a critical value 
B) hours of darkness fall below a critical value 
C) light exposure is constant for a few days 
D) temperatures fall below a critical value for an extended period of time 
E) temperatures are above a critical value for an extended period of time 
A) hours of darkness are greater than a critical value 
B) hours of darkness fall below a critical value 
C) light exposure is constant for a few days 
D) temperatures fall below a critical value for an extended period of time 
E) temperatures are above a critical value for an extended period of time

Question 6

Why do the Kuna, a tribe of indigenous South Americans that inhabit small islands off the coast of Panama, have very low incidence of hypertension compared to people on the mainland? What plant substance may be a contributing factor and what medicinal effects does this substance have in humans?

Accepted Answer

Despite their lack of access to medicine

Question 7

Foul-smelling flowers may be pollinated by ____.

Accepted Answer

A) birds only 
B) beetles and flies 
C) birds and bats 
D) bees only 
E) bees and butterflies 
A) birds only 
B) beetles and flies 
C) birds and bats 
D) bees only 
E) bees and butterflies

Question 8

All commercially produced bananas are seedless because the plants that bear them are ____.

Accepted Answer

A) triploid 
B) haploid 
C) treated with colchicine 
D) lacking ovaries 
E) grown by tissue culture propagation 
A) triploid 
B) haploid 
C) treated with colchicine 
D) lacking ovaries 
E) grown by tissue culture propagation

Question 9

The megaspore eventually becomes a _______-celled embryo sac after uneven cytoplasmic division.

Accepted Answer

A) three 
B) four 
C) seven 
D) eight 
E) sixteen 
A) three 
B) four 
C) seven 
D) eight 
E) sixteen

Question 10

Amy receives a plant from her mother as a housewarming gift. She waters it regularly and keeps the plant on a windowsill that gets regular sunlight. Amy is determined to keep her mother's gift growing well and never moves the plant for fear of "hurting it," but the plant has started growing toward the window. Amy is puzzled as to why her plant is lopsided. What is happening to Amy's plant?

Accepted Answer

A) The plant is receiving too much water. 
B) The plant's gravity sensing mechanism is damaged, a process known as gravitropism. 
C) The plant is searching for support, a process known as thigmotropism. 
D) The plant is growing toward the light source, a process known as phototropism. 
E) The plant has weak structural tissue due to a nutrient deficiency of the soil. 
A) The plant is receiving too much water. 
B) The plant's gravity sensing mechanism is damaged, a process known as gravitropism. 
C) The plant is searching for support, a process known as thigmotropism. 
D) The plant is growing toward the light source, a process known as phototropism. 
E) The plant has weak structural tissue due to a nutrient deficiency of the soil.

Question 11

What is the term for an inducible whole-body resistance in plants in response to a wide range of pathogens and abiotic stressors?

Accepted Answer

A) systemic acquired resistance 
B) hypersensitive response 
C) vernalization 
D) abscission 
E) circadian rhythm 
A) systemic acquired resistance 
B) hypersensitive response 
C) vernalization 
D) abscission 
E) circadian rhythm

Question 12

When abscisic acid binds to receptors on guard cells, these cells release a gas called nitric oxide (NO), which increases ____ levels within the cell.

Accepted Answer

A) nitrogen 
B) calcium 
C) chlorine 
D) potassium 
E) sodium 
A) nitrogen 
B) calcium 
C) chlorine 
D) potassium 
E) sodium

Question 13

Scientists have learned that the Kuna, a tribe of indigenous South Americans, have almost no incidence of hypertension most likely because the Kuna people ____.

Accepted Answer

A) possess an allele unique to their tribe 
B) consume a large amount of cocoa 
C) have developed sophisticated medicines 
D) exercise unusually often 
E) have remarkably narrow blood vessels 
A) possess an allele unique to their tribe 
B) consume a large amount of cocoa 
C) have developed sophisticated medicines 
D) exercise unusually often 
E) have remarkably narrow blood vessels

Question 14

Humans cultivate rice, wheat, rye, oats, and barley for their nutritious seeds. What part of the seed is traditionally used in flour for baking?

Accepted Answer

A) seed coat 
B) sporophyte 
C) endosperm 
D) embryo 
E) fruit 
A) seed coat 
B) sporophyte 
C) endosperm 
D) embryo 
E) fruit

Question 15

After double fertilization, the zygote is ____, and the endosperm is ____.

Accepted Answer

A) haploid; haploid 
B) diploid; haploid 
C) diploid, diploid 
D) diploid; triploid 
E) triploid; diploid 
A) haploid; haploid 
B) diploid; haploid 
C) diploid, diploid 
D) diploid; triploid 
E) triploid; diploid

Question 16

What happens when a seed absorbs water and causes the plant embryo to release gibberellin?

Accepted Answer

A) glucose levels decrease as a direct effect of gibberellin on the endosperm 
B) the aleurone starts expressing amylase inhibiting transcriptional repressors 
C) a protein-rich layer of cells surrounding endosperm starts growing in response to the hormone 
D) the endosperm absorbs the hormone 
E) amylase is released from the aleurone and breaks down starch in endosperm 
A) glucose levels decrease as a direct effect of gibberellin on the endosperm 
B) the aleurone starts expressing amylase inhibiting transcriptional repressors 
C) a protein-rich layer of cells surrounding endosperm starts growing in response to the hormone 
D) the endosperm absorbs the hormone 
E) amylase is released from the aleurone and breaks down starch in endosperm

Question 17

What is the principal hormone that causes phototropism in stems or leaves?

Accepted Answer

A) auxin 
B) gibberellin 
C) abscisic acid 
D) ethylene 
E) cytokinin 
A) auxin 
B) gibberellin 
C) abscisic acid 
D) ethylene 
E) cytokinin

Question 18

Explain the process of phototropism, including the role of auxin in this process.

Accepted Answer

Phototropism orients certain parts of th

Question 19

Nonphotosynthetic plant pigments that absorb red light and far-red light providing light input into internal circadian "clocks" are called ____.

Accepted Answer

A) flavonoids 
B) statoliths 
C) amyloplasts 
D) phytochromes 
E) flagellins 
A) flavonoids 
B) statoliths 
C) amyloplasts 
D) phytochromes 
E) flagellins

Question 20

Which hormone plays a central role in all aspects of plant development and is made mainly in shoot apical meristems and in young leaves?

Accepted Answer

A) abscisic acid 
B) gibberellin 
C) auxin 
D) cytokinin 
E) ethylene 
A) abscisic acid 
B) gibberellin 
C) auxin 
D) cytokinin 
E) ethylene

Exam 27: Plant Reproduction and Development

What substance present in cocoa has a demonstrably protective effect against oxidative tissue damage that typically occurs after a stroke or a heart attack?

Grafting is used to grow all varieties of edible apples. What does grafting involve?

Consider the role of hormones in plant defense to microbes. How does ethylene control the production of receptors that detect bacterial flagella?

Systemic acquired resistance begins when an infected tissue releases small molecules that travel to other parts of the plant, where they trigger cells to produce a plant hormone called ____.

Chrysanthemums and other short-day plants flower only when the ____.

Why do the Kuna, a tribe of indigenous South Americans that inhabit small islands off the coast of Panama, have very low incidence of hypertension compared to people on the mainland? What plant substance may be a contributing factor and what medicinal effects does this substance have in humans?

Foul-smelling flowers may be pollinated by ____.

All commercially produced bananas are seedless because the plants that bear them are ____.

The megaspore eventually becomes a _______-celled embryo sac after uneven cytoplasmic division.

What is the term for an inducible whole-body resistance in plants in response to a wide range of pathogens and abiotic stressors?

When abscisic acid binds to receptors on guard cells, these cells release a gas called nitric oxide (NO), which increases ____ levels within the cell.

Scientists have learned that the Kuna, a tribe of indigenous South Americans, have almost no incidence of hypertension most likely because the Kuna people ____.

Humans cultivate rice, wheat, rye, oats, and barley for their nutritious seeds. What part of the seed is traditionally used in flour for baking?

After double fertilization, the zygote is ____, and the endosperm is ____.

What happens when a seed absorbs water and causes the plant embryo to release gibberellin?

What is the principal hormone that causes phototropism in stems or leaves?

Explain the process of phototropism, including the role of auxin in this process.

Nonphotosynthetic plant pigments that absorb red light and far-red light providing light input into internal circadian "clocks" are called ____.

Which hormone plays a central role in all aspects of plant development and is made mainly in shoot apical meristems and in young leaves?

The Science of Biology

Lifes Chemical Basis

Molecules of Life

Cell Structure

Ground Rules of Metabolism

Where It Starts-Photosynthesis

Releasing Chemical Energy

DNA Structure and Function

From DNA to Protein

Control of Gene Expression

How Cells Reproduce

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Patterns in Inherited Traits

Human Inheritance

Biotechnology

Evidence of Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Lifes Origin and Early Evolution

Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea

The Protists

Plant Evolution

Fungi

Animals I: Major Invertebrate Groups

Animals Ii: the Chordates

Plant Tissues

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

Neural Control

Sensory Perception

Endocrine Control

Structural Support and Movement

Circulation

Immunity

Respiration

Digestion and Human Nutrition

Maintaining the Internal Environment

Reproduction and Development

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

The Biosphere

Human Effects on the Biosphere

Filters

After double fertilization, the zygote is , and the endosperm is .