Question 1

The nervous manifestations occurring in diabetes mellitus

Accepted Answer

A)  arise as a result of depression of the brain due to acidosis produced by excessive fat metabolism and ketone accumulation 
B)  arise as a result of starvation of the brain tissue due to the inability of glucose to gain entry to the brain cells in the absence of insulin 
C)  occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious 
D)  arise as a result of depression of the brain due to acidosis produced by excessive fat metabolism and ketone accumulation, and occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious 
E)  arise as a result of starvation of the brain tissue due to the inability of glucose to gain entry to the brain cells in the absence of insulin, and occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious 
A)  arise as a result of depression of the brain due to acidosis produced by excessive fat metabolism and ketone accumulation 
B)  arise as a result of starvation of the brain tissue due to the inability of glucose to gain entry to the brain cells in the absence of insulin 
C)  occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious 
D)  arise as a result of depression of the brain due to acidosis produced by excessive fat metabolism and ketone accumulation, and occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious 
E)  arise as a result of starvation of the brain tissue due to the inability of glucose to gain entry to the brain cells in the absence of insulin, and occur early in the course of the disease before other symptoms become obvious

Question 2

Thyroxine (T4)

Accepted Answer

A)  is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid 
B)  is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland 
C)  exerts a calorigenic effect 
D)  inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in negative-feedback fashion 
E)  is more potent than triiodothyronine 
A)  is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid 
B)  is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland 
C)  exerts a calorigenic effect 
D)  inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in negative-feedback fashion 
E)  is more potent than triiodothyronine

Question 3

Myxedema is associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Calcitonin

Accepted Answer

A)  enhances the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone and kidneys 
B)  is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight 
C)  deficiency produces diabetes insipidus 
D)  is secreted by the thyroid follicular cells 
E)  none of these 
A)  enhances the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone and kidneys 
B)  is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight 
C)  deficiency produces diabetes insipidus 
D)  is secreted by the thyroid follicular cells 
E)  none of these

Question 5

Insulin increases glucose transport into all tissues.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following does not characterize diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability 
B)  polyuria due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine 
C)  acidosis due to the ketosis accompanying abnormal fat metabolism 
D)  polydipsia due to dehydration 
E)  hyperglycemia due to reduced glucose entry into the cells and increased hepatic output of glucose 
A)  increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability 
B)  polyuria due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine 
C)  acidosis due to the ketosis accompanying abnormal fat metabolism 
D)  polydipsia due to dehydration 
E)  hyperglycemia due to reduced glucose entry into the cells and increased hepatic output of glucose

Question 7

Which hormone opposes the effects of insulin?

Accepted Answer

A)  aldosterone 
B)  glucagon 
C)  epinephrine 
D)  aldosterone and glucagon 
E)  glucagon and epinephrine 
A)  aldosterone 
B)  glucagon 
C)  epinephrine 
D)  aldosterone and glucagon 
E)  glucagon and epinephrine

Question 8

An increase in plasma PO4 concentration forces a reduction in plasma Ca2+ as a result of the inverse relationship between plasma PO4 and Ca2+ levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which statement about adrenomedullary hormones is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Epinephrine accounts for 80% of adrenomedullary catecholamine output. 
B)  Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored within chromaffin granules in the adrenomedullary cells. 
C)  Epinephrine and norepinephrine have about equal affinities for all the adrenergic receptor types. 
D)  Epinephrine is at least 10 times more potent than norepinephrine at beta 2 receptors. 
E)  Epinephrine exerts metabolic effects, whereas norepinephrine has limited action in this regard. 
A)  Epinephrine accounts for 80% of adrenomedullary catecholamine output. 
B)  Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored within chromaffin granules in the adrenomedullary cells. 
C)  Epinephrine and norepinephrine have about equal affinities for all the adrenergic receptor types. 
D)  Epinephrine is at least 10 times more potent than norepinephrine at beta 2 receptors. 
E)  Epinephrine exerts metabolic effects, whereas norepinephrine has limited action in this regard.

Question 10

One of the primary functions of cortisol secretion at normal physiological levels is its anti-inflammatory action.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

ACTH stimulates the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to a far greater extent than it stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Complete each of the following statments.
C cells between the follicles of the thyroid gland secrete the hormone ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
C cells...

Question 13

The presence of vitamin D is necessary for PTH to exert its effect on promoting intestinal Ca2+ absorption.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

A student experiencing psychological and emotional stress

Accepted Answer

A)  will secrete CRH at higher levels 
B)  will secrete ACTH at higher levels 
C)  will secrete cortisol at higher levels 
D)  may experience a greater risk of infections due to immune system suppression 
E)  all of these 
A)  will secrete CRH at higher levels 
B)  will secrete ACTH at higher levels 
C)  will secrete cortisol at higher levels 
D)  may experience a greater risk of infections due to immune system suppression 
E)  all of these

Question 15

In reactive hypoglycemia:

Accepted Answer

A)  Too much glucose is transferred into the brain cells by an insulin excess. 
B)  The brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of depressed CNS activity. 
C)  An insulin deficiency exists. 
D)  A glucagon excess exists. 
E)  The brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of depressed CNS activity and a glucagon excess exists. 
A)  Too much glucose is transferred into the brain cells by an insulin excess. 
B)  The brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of depressed CNS activity. 
C)  An insulin deficiency exists. 
D)  A glucagon excess exists. 
E)  The brain cells do not receive an adequate supply of glucose, leading to symptoms of depressed CNS activity and a glucagon excess exists.

Question 16

Untreated diabetes mellitus may result in

Accepted Answer

A)  ketoacidosis 
B)  dehydration 
C)  inactivation of gluconeogenesis 
D)  ketoacidosis and dehydration 
E)  dehydration and inactivation of gluconeogenesis 
A)  ketoacidosis 
B)  dehydration 
C)  inactivation of gluconeogenesis 
D)  ketoacidosis and dehydration 
E)  dehydration and inactivation of gluconeogenesis

Question 17

Aldosterone and cortisol are both considered to be essential for life.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

By signaling the small intestine, the ____ is an endocrine gland, and ____ is a hormone.

Accepted Answer

A)  large intestine; vitamin D 
B)  large intestine; vitamin E 
C)  skin; vitamin D 
D)  skin; vitamin E 
E)  thyroid gland; TSH 
A)  large intestine; vitamin D 
B)  large intestine; vitamin E 
C)  skin; vitamin D 
D)  skin; vitamin E 
E)  thyroid gland; TSH

Question 19

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulates T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid 
B)  is inhibited by T3 and T4 in a negative-feedback fashion 
C)  is found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease 
D)  stimulates T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid, and is found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease 
E)  stimulates T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid and is inhibited by T3 and T4 in a negative-feedback fashion 
A)  stimulates T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid 
B)  is inhibited by T3 and T4 in a negative-feedback fashion 
C)  is found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease 
D)  stimulates T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid, and is found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease 
E)  stimulates T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid and is inhibited by T3 and T4 in a negative-feedback fashion

Question 20

Thyroid hormones

Accepted Answer

A)  regulate basal metabolic rate 
B)  are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis 
C)  contain chromium and zinc as structural cofactors 
D)  are tropic 
E)  none of these 
A)  regulate basal metabolic rate 
B)  are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis 
C)  contain chromium and zinc as structural cofactors 
D)  are tropic 
E)  none of these

Exam 19: A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

The nervous manifestations occurring in diabetes mellitus

Thyroxine (T4)

Myxedema is associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.

Calcitonin

Insulin increases glucose transport into all tissues.

Which of the following does not characterize diabetes mellitus?

Which hormone opposes the effects of insulin?

An increase in plasma PO4 concentration forces a reduction in plasma Ca2+ as a result of the inverse relationship between plasma PO4 and Ca2+ levels.

Which statement about adrenomedullary hormones is incorrect?

One of the primary functions of cortisol secretion at normal physiological levels is its anti-inflammatory action.

ACTH stimulates the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis to a far greater extent than it stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

Complete each of the following statments. C cells between the follicles of the thyroid gland secrete the hormone ____________________.

The presence of vitamin D is necessary for PTH to exert its effect on promoting intestinal Ca2+ absorption.

A student experiencing psychological and emotional stress

In reactive hypoglycemia:

Untreated diabetes mellitus may result in

Aldosterone and cortisol are both considered to be essential for life.

By signaling the small intestine, the ____ is an endocrine gland, and ____ is a hormone.

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin

Thyroid hormones

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

A--The Central Nervous System

B--The Central Nervous System

A--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

B--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A--Muscle Physiology

B--Muscle Physiology

A--Cardiac Physiology

B--Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood

Body Defenses

A--The Respiratory System

B--The Respiratory System

A--The Urinary System

B--The Urinary System

A--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

B--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

A--The Digestive System

B--The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

A--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

A--The Reproductive System

B--The Reproductive System

Filters

Thyroxine (T₄)

An increase in plasma PO₄ concentration forces a reduction in plasma Ca²⁺ as a result of the inverse relationship between plasma PO₄ and Ca²⁺ levels.

The presence of vitamin D is necessary for PTH to exert its effect on promoting intestinal Ca²⁺ absorption.

By signaling the small intestine, the is an endocrine gland, and is a hormone.