Question 1

In what ways do the amino acid side chains interact to influence protein function?

Accepted Answer

Higher- level folding of proteins is dependent on a variety of interactions ionic,covalent,hydrogen,hydrophobic,hydrophilic,etc ,which determine the functional three- dimensional structure of proteins.

Question 2

X- ray crystallography has revealed and confirmed many details about the ribosome.All of the following are such details,EXCEPT_________ .

Accepted Answer

A) the distance the tRNA must travel between the E,P,and A sites is considered to be relatively short 
B) rRNAs are more likely than proteins to be the catalytic molecule of the ribosome 
C) the ribosome is a dynamic structure that changes during its different functional states 
D) rRNA in the ribosome is in direct contact with the different loops of the tRNA molecule 
E) the wobble hypothesis is further supported 
A) the distance the tRNA must travel between the E,P,and A sites is considered to be relatively short 
B) rRNAs are more likely than proteins to be the catalytic molecule of the ribosome 
C) the ribosome is a dynamic structure that changes during its different functional states 
D) rRNA in the ribosome is in direct contact with the different loops of the tRNA molecule 
E) the wobble hypothesis is further supported A

Question 3

Sickle- cell anemia is caused by a mutation that changes the second nucleotide of the codon from GAG to GUG.This results in a change of the amino acid from glutamic acid to valine.If the mutation affected the third nucleotide of the codon and changed GAG to GAU then the amino acid would change from a glutamic acid to aspartic acid.Would you predict this change to have the same effect?

Accepted Answer

A change in one polar- charged amino acid to another polar- charged amino acid would be predicted to have less of a phenotype compared to a mutation that resulted in a change from a polar- charged amino acid to a nonpolar amino acid.Changes to the third nucleotide of a codon are often less damaging than changes to the first or second nucleotide.

Question 4

Translation in bacterial and eukaryotic cells has many similarities,but there are also several key differences.Which of the following is one of those differences that is seen in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) Eukaryotes use the 5' G- cap and Poly- A- tail on their mRNAs to initiate translation. 
B) Eukaryotes only require one release factor that recognizes all three stop codons. 
C) Translation and transcription are coupled. 
D) Eukartyotic mRNA contains a Shine-Dalgarno sequence that increases the efficiency of translation. 
E) Eukaryotic ribosomes are smaller with fewer proteins and RNA molecules. 
A) Eukaryotes use the 5' G- cap and Poly- A- tail on their mRNAs to initiate translation. 
B) Eukaryotes only require one release factor that recognizes all three stop codons. 
C) Translation and transcription are coupled. 
D) Eukartyotic mRNA contains a Shine-Dalgarno sequence that increases the efficiency of translation. 
E) Eukaryotic ribosomes are smaller with fewer proteins and RNA molecules.

Question 5

List at least three posttranslational modifications known to occur as a newly synthesized protein matures.

Accepted Answer

N- terminal removal or modification of a

Question 6

By their experimentation using the Neurospora fungus,Beadle and Tatum were able to propose the far- reaching hypothesis that _________ .

Accepted Answer

A) prototrophs will grow only if provided with nutritional supplements 
B) more than one codon can specify a given amino acid 
C) the role of a specific gene is to produce a specific enzyme 
D) several different enzymes may be involved in the same step in a biochemical pathway 
E) genetic recombination occurred in Neurospora 
A) prototrophs will grow only if provided with nutritional supplements 
B) more than one codon can specify a given amino acid 
C) the role of a specific gene is to produce a specific enzyme 
D) several different enzymes may be involved in the same step in a biochemical pathway 
E) genetic recombination occurred in Neurospora

Question 7

The following table presents the effect of different media on the growth response of tryptophan mutations in
Salmonella typhimurium + = growth,- = no growth).   a)Construct the biochemical pathway for the compounds IGP,AA,IN,and TRY based on these data.
b)Place strains of bacteria mutations)in the appropriate steps in the pathway.
c)In bacteria it is often possible to make partial diploid strains.Assume that a diploid strain was made contain complete genomes of the trp- 2 and trp- 1 strains.Would this diploid strain be able to grow on the unsupplemented medium? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

@#IMG-DLM& c)Yes,complementation will oc

Question 8

Given the accompanying table:
 Supplement   Where numbers 1 through 4 indicate four supplements that must be added to sustain growth of the organism.Determine a possible metabolic pathway that would give the results seen for the four mutant strains,A through

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given the accompanying table:
 Supplement  ...

Question 9

Side groups of amino acids are typically classified under which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) primary,secondary 
B) polar,nonpolar 
C) linear,circular 
D) long,short 
E) alpha,omega 
A) primary,secondary 
B) polar,nonpolar 
C) linear,circular 
D) long,short 
E) alpha,omega

Question 10

Consider the roles of IF1,IF2,and IF3 during translation.Predict what the effect would be if IF1,IF2,and IF3 were mutated.

Accepted Answer

If IF1 was mutated then the second tRNA

Question 11

The term peptidyl transferase relates to_________ .

Accepted Answer

A) elongation factors binding to the large ribosomal subunit 
B) peptide bond formation during protein synthesis 
C) base additions during mRNA synthesis 
D) 5' capping of mRNA 
E) discontinuous strand replication 
A) elongation factors binding to the large ribosomal subunit 
B) peptide bond formation during protein synthesis 
C) base additions during mRNA synthesis 
D) 5' capping of mRNA 
E) discontinuous strand replication

Question 12

Creutzfeldt- Jakob,Huntington,Alzheimer,and Parkinson disease are all characterized with which part of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A) initiation 
B) N- terminal modification 
C) elongation 
D) termination 
E) protein folding 
A) initiation 
B) N- terminal modification 
C) elongation 
D) termination 
E) protein folding

Question 13

The accompanying drawing represents simultaneous transcription and translation in E.coli.The direction of the RNA polymerase is given by the arrow.
   a)Is the letter A nearer the 5' or the 3' end of the molecule?
b)Is the letter B nearer the 5' or the 3' end of the molecule?
c)Is the letter C nearer the 5' or the 3' end of the tRNA molecule?
d)What is the "S" value for the large rRNA that is closest to the letter D?
e)Which terminus N or 
C)of the growing polypeptide chain is nearer to the letter E?

Accepted Answer

a)3',b)5',

Question 14

Explain why a eukaryotic mRNA that has begun to be degraded from the 3' end,but still has its complete coding region intact is not efficiently translated.

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic translation uses a closed- lo

Question 15

Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule.Your answer should include a list of five important sites on the tRNA and two reasons why tRNA's modified bases are important.

Accepted Answer

The five sites are amino acid binding si

Question 16

Which protein class directly controls many of the metabolic reactions within a cell?

Accepted Answer

A) structural proteins 
B) hydrophilic proteins 
C) repressor proteins 
D) enzymes 
E) operator proteins 
A) structural proteins 
B) hydrophilic proteins 
C) repressor proteins 
D) enzymes 
E) operator proteins

Question 17

The primary structure of a protein is determined by_________ .

Accepted Answer

A) hydrogen bonds formed between the components of the peptide linkage 
B) covalent bonds formed between fibroin residues 
C) the sequence of amino acids 
D) pleated sheets 
E) a series of helical domains 
A) hydrogen bonds formed between the components of the peptide linkage 
B) covalent bonds formed between fibroin residues 
C) the sequence of amino acids 
D) pleated sheets 
E) a series of helical domains

Question 18

The fi chain of adult hemoglobin is composed of 146 amino acids of a known sequence.In comparing the normal fi chain with the fi chain in sickle- cell hemoglobin,what alteration is one likely to find?

Accepted Answer

A) trinucleotide repeats 
B) valine instead of glutamic acid in the sixth position 
C) frameshift substitutions 
D) glutamic acid replacing valine in the first position 
E) extensive amino acid substitutions 
A) trinucleotide repeats 
B) valine instead of glutamic acid in the sixth position 
C) frameshift substitutions 
D) glutamic acid replacing valine in the first position 
E) extensive amino acid substitutions

Question 19

What signals termination of translation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) a tRNA specific to the stop codon enters the ribosome's A site 
B) EF- Tu and EF- G 
C) RF1 and RF2 
D) the stop amino acid is attached to the growing peptide chain 
E) ribozymes 
A) a tRNA specific to the stop codon enters the ribosome's A site 
B) EF- Tu and EF- G 
C) RF1 and RF2 
D) the stop amino acid is attached to the growing peptide chain 
E) ribozymes

Question 20

What is the name of the protein that helps fold other proteins into their final and functional form?

Accepted Answer

A) ubiquitin 
B) flippase 
C) proteasomes 
D) chaperone 
E) collagen 
A) ubiquitin 
B) flippase 
C) proteasomes 
D) chaperone 
E) collagen

Exam 14: Translation and Proteins

In what ways do the amino acid side chains interact to influence protein function?

X- ray crystallography has revealed and confirmed many details about the ribosome.All of the following are such details,EXCEPT_________ .

Translation in bacterial and eukaryotic cells has many similarities,but there are also several key differences.Which of the following is one of those differences that is seen in eukaryotes?

List at least three posttranslational modifications known to occur as a newly synthesized protein matures.

By their experimentation using the Neurospora fungus,Beadle and Tatum were able to propose the far- reaching hypothesis that _________ .

Given the accompanying table: Supplement Where numbers 1 through 4 indicate four supplements that must be added to sustain growth of the organism.Determine a possible metabolic pathway that would give the results seen for the four mutant strains,A through

Side groups of amino acids are typically classified under which of the following?

Consider the roles of IF1,IF2,and IF3 during translation.Predict what the effect would be if IF1,IF2,and IF3 were mutated.

The term peptidyl transferase relates to_________ .

Creutzfeldt- Jakob,Huntington,Alzheimer,and Parkinson disease are all characterized with which part of protein synthesis?

Explain why a eukaryotic mRNA that has begun to be degraded from the 3' end,but still has its complete coding region intact is not efficiently translated.

Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule.Your answer should include a list of five important sites on the tRNA and two reasons why tRNA's modified bases are important.

Which protein class directly controls many of the metabolic reactions within a cell?

The primary structure of a protein is determined by_________ .

The fi chain of adult hemoglobin is composed of 146 amino acids of a known sequence.In comparing the normal fi chain with the fi chain in sickle- cell hemoglobin,what alteration is one likely to find?

What signals termination of translation in bacteria?

What is the name of the protein that helps fold other proteins into their final and functional form?

Introduction to Genetics

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement

Extranuclear Inheritance

DNA Structure and Analysis

DNA Replication and Recombination

DNA Organization in Chromosomes

The Genetic Code and Transcription

Gene Mutation,dna Repair,and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes

Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes

Epigenetic Regulation in Eukaryotes

Recombinant Dna Technology

Genomic Analysis

Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Developmental Genetics

Cancer Genetics

Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits

Population and Evolutionary Genetics

CRISPR and Genomic Editing

DNA Forensics

Genomics and Precision Medicine

Genetically Modified Foods

Gene Therapy

Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease

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