Question 1

_______iare cytoplasmic structures that will aggregate mRNA molecules for either degradation or later translation.

Accepted Answer

A) Processing bodies 
B) Ribosomes 
C) Golgi apparatus 
D) Proteasomes 
E) Mitochondria 
A) Processing bodies 
B) Ribosomes 
C) Golgi apparatus 
D) Proteasomes 
E) Mitochondria A

Question 2

Cancer is caused by many different types of gene mutations.Some mutations are in proto- oncogenes,which lead to overexpression of the genes,and other mutations are in tumor suppressor genes,which lead to under expression or no expression in these genes.Which kinds of gene mutations would RNA interference RNAi)be better at treating? Explain.

Accepted Answer

RNAi would be better at treating proto- oncogene mutations as RNAi will bind to overexpressed mRNA molecules and degrade them.Tumor suppressor gene mutations lead to fewer mRNA molecules,so RNAi would just make the situation worse by degrading the few tumor suppressor mRNAs that remain.

Question 3

Which of the following is the most common type of alternative splicing in animals and involves making mRNA molecules that lack a complete exon?

Accepted Answer

A) intron retention 
B) mutually exclusive exons 
C) cassette exons 
D) alternative promoters 
E) alternative splice site 
A) intron retention 
B) mutually exclusive exons 
C) cassette exons 
D) alternative promoters 
E) alternative splice site C

Question 4

In a eukaryote,what is the best way to compare the number of genes in a genome to the number of proteins that the genome can produce and why?

Accepted Answer

A) The number of proteins is equivalent to the number of genes due to alternative splicing. 
B) The number of proteins is usually fewer than the number of genes due to alternate splicing. 
C) The number of proteins is usually greater than the number of genes due to alternate splicing. 
D) The number of proteins is usually greater than the number of genes due to histone modification. 
E) The number of proteins is usually fewer than the number of genes due to histone modification. 
A) The number of proteins is equivalent to the number of genes due to alternative splicing. 
B) The number of proteins is usually fewer than the number of genes due to alternate splicing. 
C) The number of proteins is usually greater than the number of genes due to alternate splicing. 
D) The number of proteins is usually greater than the number of genes due to histone modification. 
E) The number of proteins is usually fewer than the number of genes due to histone modification.

Question 5

In regards to mRNA stability,what is the effect of decapping enzymes?

Accepted Answer

A) The m7G cap of mRNAs is removed causing mRNAs to be degraded from the 5' end. 
B) The splicing of mRNAs is blocked,which destabilizes mRNAs. 
C) The m7G cap of mRNAs is stabilized allowing mRNAs to be protected at the 5' end. 
D) The polyadenylation of mRNAs is stabilized allowing mRNAs to be protected at the 3' end. 
E) The polyadenylation of mRNAs is removed and mRNAs are degraded from the 3' end. 
A) The m7G cap of mRNAs is removed causing mRNAs to be degraded from the 5' end. 
B) The splicing of mRNAs is blocked,which destabilizes mRNAs. 
C) The m7G cap of mRNAs is stabilized allowing mRNAs to be protected at the 5' end. 
D) The polyadenylation of mRNAs is stabilized allowing mRNAs to be protected at the 3' end. 
E) The polyadenylation of mRNAs is removed and mRNAs are degraded from the 3' end.

Question 6

Which protein modification is most closely linked to protein degradation?

Accepted Answer

A) ubiquitination 
B) phosphorylation 
C) glycosylation 
D) methylation 
E) acetylation 
A) ubiquitination 
B) phosphorylation 
C) glycosylation 
D) methylation 
E) acetylation

Question 7

microRNA miRNA and small interfering RNA siRNA)use a similar process and proteins to regulate gene expression.Which of the following is more commonly associated with the miRNA pathway?

Accepted Answer

A) The protein AGO is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
B) The protein complex RISC is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
C) The protein Drosha is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
D) In animals,the miRNA pathway usually leads to mRNA degradation,and in the siRNA pathway,the mRNA is not degraded. 
E) The protein Dicer is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
A) The protein AGO is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
B) The protein complex RISC is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
C) The protein Drosha is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway. 
D) In animals,the miRNA pathway usually leads to mRNA degradation,and in the siRNA pathway,the mRNA is not degraded. 
E) The protein Dicer is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.

Question 8

What is the general gene regulation mechanism that "cassette exons" and "intron retention" are involved with? Explain their differences in regards to which kinds of organism use each and how each is different in what they do.

Accepted Answer

They are different types of alternative

Question 9

A particular mutant was found that produced a protein that was longer lived than its normal protein.Upon sequencing the mutant,the researcher discovered that specific lysine amino acids had been changed to arginines.Propose a model of what this mutation caused to allow the proteins to be longer lived.

Accepted Answer

Proteins are often targeted for degradat

Question 10

What posttranslational modification occurs on the protein CPEB to initiate mRNA translation?

Accepted Answer

A) phosphorylation 
B) acetylation 
C) ubiquitination 
D) methylation 
E) glycosylation 
A) phosphorylation 
B) acetylation 
C) ubiquitination 
D) methylation 
E) glycosylation

Question 11

What is the general name of enzymes that add phosphate groups to protein targets?

Accepted Answer

A) proteases 
B) acetylases 
C) kinases 
D) phosphatases 
E) ligases 
A) proteases 
B) acetylases 
C) kinases 
D) phosphatases 
E) ligases

Question 12

What is nonsense- mediated decay,why is it important,and what is a proposed mechanism as to how it works?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense- mediated decay is a type of RN

Question 13

If the protein Dicer is not functioning,then which kind of posttranscriptional gene regulation is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

A) only microRNA miRN
A) ,but not small interfering RNA siRNA 
B) alternative adenylation 
C) alternative splicing 
D) microRNA miRN
A) and small interfering RNA siRNA 
E) small interfering RNA siRNA 
A) only microRNA miRN
A) ,but not small interfering RNA siRNA 
B) alternative adenylation 
C) alternative splicing 
D) microRNA miRN
A) and small interfering RNA siRNA 
E) small interfering RNA siRNA

Question 14

Mutations that affect SR proteins will have what kind of effect on gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A) Splicing of the mRNA will not be activated. 
B) General transcription factors will be unable to bind to promoters. 
C) RNA polymerase will be unable to terminate transcription. 
D) Ribosomes will not be able to bind to mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm. 
E) Polyadenylation at the 3' end will be blocked. 
A) Splicing of the mRNA will not be activated. 
B) General transcription factors will be unable to bind to promoters. 
C) RNA polymerase will be unable to terminate transcription. 
D) Ribosomes will not be able to bind to mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm. 
E) Polyadenylation at the 3' end will be blocked.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is predicted if a population of fruit flies were fed a chemical that blocked the function of the SXL protein?

Accepted Answer

A) The mRNA produced from the doublesex dsx)gene would not be spliced. 
B) The progeny in the next generation would be predominantly male. 
C) The progeny in the next generation would be approximately 50% male and 50% female. 
D) The progeny in the next generation would be predominantly female. 
E) The transformer tra)gene would be maximally expressed. 
A) The mRNA produced from the doublesex dsx)gene would not be spliced. 
B) The progeny in the next generation would be predominantly male. 
C) The progeny in the next generation would be approximately 50% male and 50% female. 
D) The progeny in the next generation would be predominantly female. 
E) The transformer tra)gene would be maximally expressed.

Question 16

Having two copies of the X- chromosome gene_______initiates the female sex- determining pathway by which gene regulatory mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) DSX; alternative polyadenylation 
B) DSX; alternative splicing 
C) TRA; alternative splicing 
D) SXL; alternative splicing 
E) SXL; alternative polyadenylation 
A) DSX; alternative polyadenylation 
B) DSX; alternative splicing 
C) TRA; alternative splicing 
D) SXL; alternative splicing 
E) SXL; alternative polyadenylation

Question 17

What are two features of circular RNAs cirRNAs)that limit their ability to be degraded?

Accepted Answer

Circular RNAs are closed and t

Question 18

Mutating the gene Transformer tra)in Drosophila that is chromosomally XX leads to the development of only males.Explain.

Accepted Answer

In nonmutated fertilized eggs that are s

Question 19

The human disease spinomuscular atrophy is caused by a failure of which posttranscription regulatory mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) alternative polyadenylation 
B) RNA interference 
C) mRNA surveillance 
D) translation initiation 
E) alternative splicing 
A) alternative polyadenylation 
B) RNA interference 
C) mRNA surveillance 
D) translation initiation 
E) alternative splicing

Question 20

A particular fibroblast mutation fails to move to the site of infection.It is discovered that this mutation causes a particular protein to be absent,which leads to premature actin mRNA translation.Which protein is most likely absent due to the mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) poly- A polymerase 
B) CPEB 
C) ZBP1 zip code- binding protein 
D) general transcription factor 
E) Src 
A) poly- A polymerase 
B) CPEB 
C) ZBP1 zip code- binding protein 
D) general transcription factor 
E) Src

Exam 18: Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes

_______iare cytoplasmic structures that will aggregate mRNA molecules for either degradation or later translation.

Which of the following is the most common type of alternative splicing in animals and involves making mRNA molecules that lack a complete exon?

In a eukaryote,what is the best way to compare the number of genes in a genome to the number of proteins that the genome can produce and why?

In regards to mRNA stability,what is the effect of decapping enzymes?

Which protein modification is most closely linked to protein degradation?

microRNA miRNA and small interfering RNA siRNA)use a similar process and proteins to regulate gene expression.Which of the following is more commonly associated with the miRNA pathway?

What is the general gene regulation mechanism that "cassette exons" and "intron retention" are involved with? Explain their differences in regards to which kinds of organism use each and how each is different in what they do.

What posttranslational modification occurs on the protein CPEB to initiate mRNA translation?

What is the general name of enzymes that add phosphate groups to protein targets?

What is nonsense- mediated decay,why is it important,and what is a proposed mechanism as to how it works?

If the protein Dicer is not functioning,then which kind of posttranscriptional gene regulation is most likely affected?

Mutations that affect SR proteins will have what kind of effect on gene expression?

Which of the following statements is predicted if a population of fruit flies were fed a chemical that blocked the function of the SXL protein?

Having two copies of the X- chromosome gene_______initiates the female sex- determining pathway by which gene regulatory mechanism?

What are two features of circular RNAs cirRNAs)that limit their ability to be degraded?

Mutating the gene Transformer tra)in Drosophila that is chromosomally XX leads to the development of only males.Explain.

The human disease spinomuscular atrophy is caused by a failure of which posttranscription regulatory mechanism?

A particular fibroblast mutation fails to move to the site of infection.It is discovered that this mutation causes a particular protein to be absent,which leads to premature actin mRNA translation.Which protein is most likely absent due to the mutation?

Introduction to Genetics

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement

Extranuclear Inheritance

DNA Structure and Analysis

DNA Replication and Recombination

DNA Organization in Chromosomes

The Genetic Code and Transcription

Translation and Proteins

Gene Mutation,dna Repair,and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes

Epigenetic Regulation in Eukaryotes

Recombinant Dna Technology

Genomic Analysis

Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Developmental Genetics

Cancer Genetics

Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits

Population and Evolutionary Genetics

CRISPR and Genomic Editing

DNA Forensics

Genomics and Precision Medicine

Genetically Modified Foods

Gene Therapy

Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease

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