Question 1

In what way 5'- azacytidine can influence transcription?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen is at the 5' position of 5'- azacytidine.The base can be incorporated into DNA in place of cytidine,but it cannot be methylated.Under methylation of the CG dinucleotide increases transcription.

Question 2

What are zinc finger motifs,and why are they frequently encountered in descriptions of genetic regulation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Zinc fingers consist of amino acid sequences containing two cysteine and two histidine residues at repeating intervals.Interspersed cysteine and histidine residues covalently bind zinc atoms,folding the amino acids into loops zinc fingers .They are one of the major groups of eukaryotic transcription factors.

Question 3

If a promoter region is mutated in such a way that it can no longer be methylated,what would the most likely effect be?

Accepted Answer

A) The gene linked to that promoter would be over expressed. 
B) The gene linked to the promoter would still be expressed,but the protein should contain different amino acids. 
C) The gene linked to the promoter would be expressed at regular levels. 
D) The gene linked to that promoter would not undergo replication. 
E) The gene linked to the promoter would be under expressed. 
A) The gene linked to that promoter would be over expressed. 
B) The gene linked to the promoter would still be expressed,but the protein should contain different amino acids. 
C) The gene linked to the promoter would be expressed at regular levels. 
D) The gene linked to that promoter would not undergo replication. 
E) The gene linked to the promoter would be under expressed. A

Question 4

On a specific chromosome,an enhancer helps activate the expression of Gene A,but not Gene B,which is equally close to the enhancer.A mutant is identified where this enhancer is now activating the expression of both Gene A and Gene B.Explain what has likely been mutated.

Accepted Answer

Gene A is activated by the enhancer but

Question 5

Which of the following is a functional domain that is found in eukaryotic transcription factors and bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) basic leucine zipper,zinc finger,and helix- turn- helix motifs 
B) basic leucine zipper and zinc finger motifs 
C) basic leucine zipper motif 
D) zinc finger motif 
E) helix- turn- helix motif 
A) basic leucine zipper,zinc finger,and helix- turn- helix motifs 
B) basic leucine zipper and zinc finger motifs 
C) basic leucine zipper motif 
D) zinc finger motif 
E) helix- turn- helix motif

Question 6

In what way do upstream activator sequences UASs ,regulatory sequences in yeast,differ from enhancers and silencers?

Accepted Answer

A) UASs function only upstream. 
B) UASs can function only in the 5'-3' direction. 
C) Enhancers function only downstream. 
D) UASs function only downstream. 
E) UASs function in the middle of transcription units. 
A) UASs function only upstream. 
B) UASs can function only in the 5'-3' direction. 
C) Enhancers function only downstream. 
D) UASs function only downstream. 
E) UASs function in the middle of transcription units.

Question 7

Considering the location of genes in the interphase nucleus,certain chromosomal territories appear to exist.Specifically__________,.

Accepted Answer

A) large chromosomes are more likely to be located in the center of the nucleus 
B) even- numbered chromosomes are located in the interior of the nucleus,whereas odd- numbered chromosomes are located peripherally 
C) small chromosomes are more likely to be located in the center of the nucleus 
D) gene- poor regions of chromosomes are located outside the nucleus,whereas gene- rich regions are located inside the nucleus 
E) each chromosome appears to occupy a discrete domain 
A) large chromosomes are more likely to be located in the center of the nucleus 
B) even- numbered chromosomes are located in the interior of the nucleus,whereas odd- numbered chromosomes are located peripherally 
C) small chromosomes are more likely to be located in the center of the nucleus 
D) gene- poor regions of chromosomes are located outside the nucleus,whereas gene- rich regions are located inside the nucleus 
E) each chromosome appears to occupy a discrete domain

Question 8

Which of the following is true about histone acetyltransferase HAT ?

Accepted Answer

A) HATs have an overall effect of increasing the positive charges on DNA. 
B) HATs will make the chromatin more compacted and less available to transcription regulatory proteins. 
C) HATs will remove acetyl groups from histone proteins. 
D) HATs are usually linked to increasing gene expression. 
E) HATs will add acetyl groups to DNA. 
A) HATs have an overall effect of increasing the positive charges on DNA. 
B) HATs will make the chromatin more compacted and less available to transcription regulatory proteins. 
C) HATs will remove acetyl groups from histone proteins. 
D) HATs are usually linked to increasing gene expression. 
E) HATs will add acetyl groups to DNA.

Question 9

What type of DNA sequence a repressor protein be expected to bind?

Accepted Answer

A) insulator 
B) TATA Box 
C) silencer 
D) GC Box 
E) enhancer 
A) insulator 
B) TATA Box 
C) silencer 
D) GC Box 
E) enhancer

Question 10

Which process seems to be the most similar between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genetic regulations?

Accepted Answer

A) poly
A) tail addition 
B) transcriptional regulation 
C) RNA splicing regulation 
D) intron/exon shuffling 
E) 5'- capping regulation 
A) poly
A) tail addition 
B) transcriptional regulation 
C) RNA splicing regulation 
D) intron/exon shuffling 
E) 5'- capping regulation

Question 11

Which of the following clusters of terms apply when addressing enhancers or silencers as elements associated with eukaryotic genetic regulation?

Accepted Answer

A) cis- acting,variable orientation,variable position 
B) trans- and cis- acting,variable position 
C) cis- acting,fixed position,fixed orientation 
D) trans- acting,fixed position,fixed orientation 
E) cis- acting,variable position,fixed orientation 
A) cis- acting,variable orientation,variable position 
B) trans- and cis- acting,variable position 
C) cis- acting,fixed position,fixed orientation 
D) trans- acting,fixed position,fixed orientation 
E) cis- acting,variable position,fixed orientation

Question 12

The pre- initiation complex PIC)contains several proteins.What would be the direct consequence be if PIC failed to form?

Accepted Answer

A) Translation would not be initiated. 
B) Transcription would not be initiated. 
C) mRNA splicing would not be initiated. 
D) Protein would not fold properly. 
E) Replication would not be initiated. 
A) Translation would not be initiated. 
B) Transcription would not be initiated. 
C) mRNA splicing would not be initiated. 
D) Protein would not fold properly. 
E) Replication would not be initiated.

Question 13

DNA is methylated on which nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

A) adenine 
B) uracil 
C) guanine 
D) thymine 
E) cytosine 
A) adenine 
B) uracil 
C) guanine 
D) thymine 
E) cytosine

Question 14

Which of the following would be an example of a cis acting eukaryotic gene regulatory element?

Accepted Answer

A) TATA binding protein 
B) enhancer 
C) metallothionein 
D) RNA polymerase 
E) general transcription factors 
A) TATA binding protein 
B) enhancer 
C) metallothionein 
D) RNA polymerase 
E) general transcription factors

Question 15

Mutations in the promoter region of the fi- globin gene indicate that some areas are more sensitive than others.When mutations occur in consensus sequences modular elements such as GC box,CAAT box,and TATA box),does transcription usually increase or decrease? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Transcription should decrease

Question 16

Describe the function and general natures of promoters in eukaryotes.Include the three different parts of the promoter and their positions from the 5' end of a eukaryotic gene.

Accepted Answer

Promoter regions are necessary for the i

Question 17

List at least three levels or types of genetic regulation in eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

Transcriptional regulation,DNA

Question 18

What is the general position of the consensus sequence called the GC box? What is its sequence?

Accepted Answer

A) attenuator; GGGCGG 
B) promoter; GGGCGG 
C) terminator; CAAT 
D) promoter; CAAT 
E) terminator; GGGCGG 
A) attenuator; GGGCGG 
B) promoter; GGGCGG 
C) terminator; CAAT 
D) promoter; CAAT 
E) terminator; GGGCGG

Question 19

Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more complicated than bacterial gene regulation.Which of the following describes a gene regulation event that occurs in eukaryotes but not in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) In eukaryotes,mRNA does not need to be modified. 
B) In eukaryotes,histones must be added or removed to regulate gene expression. 
C) In eukaryotes,transcription and translation occur in the same cellular compartment. 
D) In eukaryotes,proteins are post- translationally modified,whereas bacterial proteins are never post- translationally modified. 
E) In eukaryotes,mRNA degrades quickly compared to bacterial mRNA that is more stable. 
A) In eukaryotes,mRNA does not need to be modified. 
B) In eukaryotes,histones must be added or removed to regulate gene expression. 
C) In eukaryotes,transcription and translation occur in the same cellular compartment. 
D) In eukaryotes,proteins are post- translationally modified,whereas bacterial proteins are never post- translationally modified. 
E) In eukaryotes,mRNA degrades quickly compared to bacterial mRNA that is more stable.

Question 20

The ENCODE Project's goal was to identify all functional DNA sequences within the human genome.Which of the following is a finding from ENCODE?

Accepted Answer

A) ENCODE determined that approximately 25% of the human genome has some sort of biochemical function. 
B) ENCODE determined that approximately 15% of the human genome codes for a protein. 
C) ENCODE was able to classify that a large part of the human genome is "Junk DNA." 
D) ENCODE was able to determine that each enhancer exerts its regulatory function on only a single gene. 
E) ENCODE was able to determine that 75% of the genome is transcribed in at least one cell type. 
A) ENCODE determined that approximately 25% of the human genome has some sort of biochemical function. 
B) ENCODE determined that approximately 15% of the human genome codes for a protein. 
C) ENCODE was able to classify that a large part of the human genome is "Junk DNA." 
D) ENCODE was able to determine that each enhancer exerts its regulatory function on only a single gene. 
E) ENCODE was able to determine that 75% of the genome is transcribed in at least one cell type.

Exam 17: Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes

In what way 5'- azacytidine can influence transcription?

What are zinc finger motifs,and why are they frequently encountered in descriptions of genetic regulation in eukaryotes?

If a promoter region is mutated in such a way that it can no longer be methylated,what would the most likely effect be?

On a specific chromosome,an enhancer helps activate the expression of Gene A,but not Gene B,which is equally close to the enhancer.A mutant is identified where this enhancer is now activating the expression of both Gene A and Gene B.Explain what has likely been mutated.

Which of the following is a functional domain that is found in eukaryotic transcription factors and bacteria?

In what way do upstream activator sequences UASs ,regulatory sequences in yeast,differ from enhancers and silencers?

Considering the location of genes in the interphase nucleus,certain chromosomal territories appear to exist.Specifically__________,.

Which of the following is true about histone acetyltransferase HAT ?

What type of DNA sequence a repressor protein be expected to bind?

Which process seems to be the most similar between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genetic regulations?

Which of the following clusters of terms apply when addressing enhancers or silencers as elements associated with eukaryotic genetic regulation?

The pre- initiation complex PIC)contains several proteins.What would be the direct consequence be if PIC failed to form?

DNA is methylated on which nucleotides?

Which of the following would be an example of a cis acting eukaryotic gene regulatory element?

Mutations in the promoter region of the fi- globin gene indicate that some areas are more sensitive than others.When mutations occur in consensus sequences modular elements such as GC box,CAAT box,and TATA box),does transcription usually increase or decrease? Explain.

Describe the function and general natures of promoters in eukaryotes.Include the three different parts of the promoter and their positions from the 5' end of a eukaryotic gene.

List at least three levels or types of genetic regulation in eukaryotes.

What is the general position of the consensus sequence called the GC box? What is its sequence?

Gene regulation in eukaryotes is more complicated than bacterial gene regulation.Which of the following describes a gene regulation event that occurs in eukaryotes but not in bacteria?

The ENCODE Project's goal was to identify all functional DNA sequences within the human genome.Which of the following is a finding from ENCODE?

Introduction to Genetics

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mendelian Genetics

Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes

Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages

Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes

Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement

Extranuclear Inheritance

DNA Structure and Analysis

DNA Replication and Recombination

DNA Organization in Chromosomes

The Genetic Code and Transcription

Translation and Proteins

Gene Mutation,dna Repair,and Transposition

Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes

Epigenetic Regulation in Eukaryotes

Recombinant Dna Technology

Genomic Analysis

Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Developmental Genetics

Cancer Genetics

Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits

Population and Evolutionary Genetics

CRISPR and Genomic Editing

DNA Forensics

Genomics and Precision Medicine

Genetically Modified Foods

Gene Therapy

Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease

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