Question 1

Freud's concept of the unconscious is MOST like Jung's

Accepted Answer

A)  preconscious. 
B)  personal unconscious. 
C)  collective unconscious. 
D)  archetypes. 
A)  preconscious. 
B)  personal unconscious. 
C)  collective unconscious. 
D)  archetypes.

Question 2

Alan has always done poorly in his math courses; he must take a statistics course next term to graduate. He is not very confident he will do well in the statistics course and is very nervous about taking the course. In this example, Alan shows evidence of having

Accepted Answer

A)  high incongruence with respect to math. 
B)  low self-efficacy in math. 
C)  high self-efficacy in math. 
D)  a mathematical neurosis. 
A)  high incongruence with respect to math. 
B)  low self-efficacy in math. 
C)  high self-efficacy in math. 
D)  a mathematical neurosis.

Question 3

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____ are characterized as curious, flexible, imaginative and generally hold unconventional attitudes.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuroticism 
B)  extraversion 
C)  conscientiousness 
D)  openness to experience 
A)  neuroticism 
B)  extraversion 
C)  conscientiousness 
D)  openness to experience

Question 4

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST firmly rooted in empirical research?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral approach 
B)  psychoanalytic approach 
C)  humanistic approach 
D)  cognitive approach 
A)  behavioral approach 
B)  psychoanalytic approach 
C)  humanistic approach 
D)  cognitive approach

Question 5

Fourteen-year-old Jessica knows she has made some bad choices at times, and these choices have gotten her into serious trouble on a number of occasions. However, she is confident that her parents love her, in spite of her mistakes. Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers, Jessica perceives her parents' affection as

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept. 
B)  conditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept. 
C)  unconditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept. 
D)  conditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept. 
A)  unconditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept. 
B)  conditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept. 
C)  unconditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept. 
D)  conditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept.

Question 6

The theorist who advanced the concept that the unconscious has two layers, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, was

Accepted Answer

A)  Sigmund Freud. 
B)  Carl Jung. 
C)  Alfred Adler. 
D)  Erik Erikson. 
A)  Sigmund Freud. 
B)  Carl Jung. 
C)  Alfred Adler. 
D)  Erik Erikson.

Question 7

A social cognitive theorist would MOST likely explain the behavior of a spoiled brat in terms of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  personality defects of the child 
B)  unresolved conflicts between the child and the parents 
C)  learning through observation and reinforcement 
D)  a genetic predisposition resulting in a high need for attention 
A)  personality defects of the child 
B)  unresolved conflicts between the child and the parents 
C)  learning through observation and reinforcement 
D)  a genetic predisposition resulting in a high need for attention

Question 8

Observational learning suggests that some models are more likely to be imitated than others. Which of the following characteristics of a model would be LEAST likely to result in a child's imitating the model's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  the model is liked and respected by the child 
B)  the model is of the opposite sex 
C)  the model is attractive or powerful 
D)  the model's behavior leads to positive outcomes 
A)  the model is liked and respected by the child 
B)  the model is of the opposite sex 
C)  the model is attractive or powerful 
D)  the model's behavior leads to positive outcomes

Question 9

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST likely to be characterized by the lack of unifying structural concepts that tie all the pieces together?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral approach 
B)  cognitive approach 
C)  humanistic approach 
D)  psychoanalytic approach 
A)  behavioral approach 
B)  cognitive approach 
C)  humanistic approach 
D)  psychoanalytic approach

Question 10

The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  neurogenic amnesia. 
B)  suppression. 
C)  avoidance. 
D)  repression. 
A)  neurogenic amnesia. 
B)  suppression. 
C)  avoidance. 
D)  repression.

Question 11

Dr. Epee believes that it is impossible to understand or predict an individual's behavior until you figure out the salient psychological features of situations that evoke specific types of responses. Dr. Epee's views MOST closely mirror those of

Accepted Answer

A)  Alfred Adler 
B)  Carl Rogers 
C)  Walter Mischel 
D)  Gordon Allport 
A)  Alfred Adler 
B)  Carl Rogers 
C)  Walter Mischel 
D)  Gordon Allport

Question 12

Raul is 30 years old, and he seems to be obsessed with the image he presents to others. He buys a new sports car every year, he lives in the biggest house in his neighborhood, and he always buys the most expensive clothes he can find. According to Alfred Adler, Raul's behavior may be a sign of

Accepted Answer

A)  reaction formation. 
B)  overcompensation. 
C)  fixation at the oral stage of development. 
D)  incongruence. 
A)  reaction formation. 
B)  overcompensation. 
C)  fixation at the oral stage of development. 
D)  incongruence.

Question 13

Professor Rawlings argues that although the psychodynamic perspective has provided a number of important theories of personality it has depended too much on clinical case studies. Which general category of common criticism of psychodynamic theories of personality is she presenting?

Accepted Answer

A)  lack of testability 
B)  sex bias against men 
C)  inadequate supportive evidence 
D)  under-emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences 
A)  lack of testability 
B)  sex bias against men 
C)  inadequate supportive evidence 
D)  under-emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences

Question 14

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuroticism 
B)  extraversion 
C)  conscientiousness 
D)  agreeableness 
A)  neuroticism 
B)  extraversion 
C)  conscientiousness 
D)  agreeableness

Question 15

Assume all of the following adjectives describe John. Which term does NOT describe one of John's personality traits?

Accepted Answer

A)  sloppy 
B)  assertive 
C)  athletic 
D)  honest 
A)  sloppy 
B)  assertive 
C)  athletic 
D)  honest

Question 16

The approach that stresses the individual's freedom, uniqueness, and growth potential is

Accepted Answer

A)  social cognitive theory. 
B)  Gestalt theory. 
C)  behaviorism. 
D)  humanism. 
A)  social cognitive theory. 
B)  Gestalt theory. 
C)  behaviorism. 
D)  humanism.

Question 17

Freud is to unconscious as Skinner is to

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  overt behavior. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  self-efficacy. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  overt behavior. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  self-efficacy.

Question 18

Attributing one's own thoughts or motives to others defines

Accepted Answer

A)  reaction formation. 
B)  rationalization. 
C)  projection. 
D)  regression. 
A)  reaction formation. 
B)  rationalization. 
C)  projection. 
D)  regression.

Question 19

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called

Accepted Answer

A)  fixation. 
B)  displacement. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  compensation. 
A)  fixation. 
B)  displacement. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  compensation.

Question 20

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister: "I can't wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy." Samuel is most likely in the stage of personality development that Freud referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)  anal stage. 
B)  oral stage. 
C)  phallic stage. 
D)  latency stage. 
A)  anal stage. 
B)  oral stage. 
C)  phallic stage. 
D)  latency stage.

Exam 23: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 1

Freud's concept of the unconscious is MOST like Jung's

Alan has always done poorly in his math courses; he must take a statistics course next term to graduate. He is not very confident he will do well in the statistics course and is very nervous about taking the course. In this example, Alan shows evidence of having

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____ are characterized as curious, flexible, imaginative and generally hold unconventional attitudes.

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST firmly rooted in empirical research?

The theorist who advanced the concept that the unconscious has two layers, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, was

A social cognitive theorist would MOST likely explain the behavior of a spoiled brat in terms of which of the following?

Observational learning suggests that some models are more likely to be imitated than others. Which of the following characteristics of a model would be LEAST likely to result in a child's imitating the model's behavior?

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST likely to be characterized by the lack of unifying structural concepts that tie all the pieces together?

The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is known as

Dr. Epee believes that it is impossible to understand or predict an individual's behavior until you figure out the salient psychological features of situations that evoke specific types of responses. Dr. Epee's views MOST closely mirror those of

Raul is 30 years old, and he seems to be obsessed with the image he presents to others. He buys a new sports car every year, he lives in the biggest house in his neighborhood, and he always buys the most expensive clothes he can find. According to Alfred Adler, Raul's behavior may be a sign of

Professor Rawlings argues that although the psychodynamic perspective has provided a number of important theories of personality it has depended too much on clinical case studies. Which general category of common criticism of psychodynamic theories of personality is she presenting?

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.

Assume all of the following adjectives describe John. Which term does NOT describe one of John's personality traits?

The approach that stresses the individual's freedom, uniqueness, and growth potential is

Freud is to unconscious as Skinner is to

Attributing one's own thoughts or motives to others defines

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister: "I can't wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy." Samuel is most likely in the stage of personality development that Freud referred to as the

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