Exam 9: Learning and Conditioning

Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over.She tried giving him instructions,but it didn't work.She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior,but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled.Finally,she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over.At last,using _______,she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.

In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is called a conditioned response.

Theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others,positive consequences,and thought processes,such as plans,expectations,and beliefs are called __________ theories.

Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the

When words are paired with objects or other words that already elicit some emotional response,they may come to elicit that response.This would be an example of

Describe the way that John Watson used classical conditioning procedures to explain how an individual learns to love another person.

In order for latent learning to occur,there must be obvious reinforcement.

Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However,it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of

In the 1930s,behaviorist Edward Tolman committed virtual heresy among his colleagues by noting that

Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the

The _________ stimulus signals whether a response will pay off.

Strict behaviorists avoid the word reward,in favor of the word reinforcement.

Many people have learned to dislike a food after eating it and falling ill.Psychologist Martin Seligman reported how he was conditioned to hate béarnaise sauce. -Explain how this conditioning took place. -In what way does his experience illustrate the role that biological priming plays in this type of conditioning. -What food do you dislike? Analyze whether your reaction to this food could have been formed through conditioning.

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as