Exam 9: Learning and Conditioning

In classical conditioning,the responses involved tend to be _______________,but in operant conditioning they are _______________.

Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

When 4-year-old Aileen goes to the store with her dad and whines for candy at the checkout,she gets the candy.But when she goes with her mom,whining never ends up getting her a candy.Before long,Aileen only whines when she is at the store with her dad.This is called

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called

In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the

Operant conditioning is most closely associated with

Three-year-old Peter's fear of rabbits was eliminated through a process called counterconditioning.

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure used in the treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits has been used to treat adult phobias.This variation is called

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk.It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color.This illustrates the concept of

In the late 1800s,G.Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger.One case involved a 3-year-old girl who asked a calm question right in the middle of a tantrum.What did her tantrum illustrate in regard to learning?

Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning,the one the organism learns to respond to is the

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called

Tolman's research suggested that learning involves cognitive changes that can occur in the absence of reinforcement and that these cognitive changes may not be acted upon until a reinforcer becomes available.

The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce maladaptive behavior is called

You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell.Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo.He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings.But the next morning,when you ring the bell,Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

Shortly after Martin and his wife ate filet mignon with béarnaise sauce,Martin fell ill with the flu.Classical conditioning occurred,and _______________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea.

During operant learning,the tendency for an organism to revert to innate,species-specific behaviors is called

Name the two types of conditioning discussed in this chapter and differentiate between the two.

The automatic,involuntary responses involved in blood pressure and muscle contractions cannot be classically conditioned.

Humans are biologically primed to associate sickness with sights more readily than with tastes.