Exam 9: Learning and Conditioning

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called

When a stimulus,similar to the conditioned stimulus,fails to evoke the conditioned response,then stimulus discrimination has occurred.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner deliberately established a phobia in a boy using classical conditioning techniques.

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that

A young girl is just learning to dress herself.At first,the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned.Then,they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them-even if the buttons are not in the right holes.Then,they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly.They have been using

The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus is

Before studying conditioning,Ivan Pavlov studied

Spontaneous recovery

Billy throws rocks.Each time he throws a rock,he is immediately spanked.Spanking is a

The acquisition of a conditioned fear appears to involve a receptor in the

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is

All forms of classical conditioning require multiple parings of stimuli.

The process of observational learning would explain how 3-year-old Ryan knows how to lather up his own face after watching his dad shave earlier that day.

Higher-order conditioning may contribute to the formation of

Instinctive drift explains why

As she walked through her neighborhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size.The sight of dogs is the

In classical conditioning procedures,it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur.Explain this process.Describe the research on higher-order conditioning in which slugs were the research subjects.

A favorite experimental tool of researchers is the Skinner box.Describe how Skinner demonstrated operant conditioning of a rat using the Skinner box.

When one is first acquiring a response,learning is usually most rapid under an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

Shaping would be the appropriate operant conditioning procedure if the response that you want to reinforce has almost no probability of appearing spontaneously.