Question 1

Movement along faults often produces a rock formed from sharply angled rock fragments termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fault gouge 
B)  rock flour 
C)  fault breccia 
D)  slickenside 
A)  fault gouge 
B)  rock flour 
C)  fault breccia 
D)  slickenside C

Question 2

Why do earthquakes occur only above the brittle/plastic transition depth?

Accepted Answer

A)  Below the transition,the rocks are too hot. 
B)  Below the transition,the rocks break too easily. 
C)  Above the transition,the rocks are too hot. 
D)  Above the transition,the rocks will flow. 
A)  Below the transition,the rocks are too hot. 
B)  Below the transition,the rocks break too easily. 
C)  Above the transition,the rocks are too hot. 
D)  Above the transition,the rocks will flow. A

Question 3

Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed,in part,by ___________ in the crust.

Accepted Answer

A)  compression 
B)  stretching 
C)  extension 
D)  elongation 
A)  compression 
B)  stretching 
C)  extension 
D)  elongation A

Question 4

Which of these properly illustrates the principle of isostasy?

Accepted Answer

A)  High-density crust floats on top of low-density mantle. 
B)  Mountains stand high because they are gravitationally balanced by their deep crustal roots. 
C)  When weight is added to the crust,the crust responds by rebounding upward. 
D)  When material is removed from the crust,the crust maintains the new,lower elevation. 
A)  High-density crust floats on top of low-density mantle. 
B)  Mountains stand high because they are gravitationally balanced by their deep crustal roots. 
C)  When weight is added to the crust,the crust responds by rebounding upward. 
D)  When material is removed from the crust,the crust maintains the new,lower elevation.

Question 5

Which fault below could result from both strike-slip and dip-slip stresses?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 6

Compare and contrast domes and basins.If both are composed solely of sedimentary beds that have been eroded such that the ground surface is level,how would you identify each?

Accepted Answer

Domes and basins are types of folds that

Question 7

In the image below,the rocks have been bent into an elongate arch.This is a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  anticline 
B)  basin 
C)  dome 
D)  syncline 
A)  anticline 
B)  basin 
C)  dome 
D)  syncline

Question 8

How is tectonic foliation,such as elongation of quartz grains,oriented relative to the original bedding plane of a body of rock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Foliation is parallel to original bedding. 
B)  Foliation is at about 45° to original bedding. 
C)  Foliation is perpendicular to original bedding. 
D)  Foliation can be at a variety of angles to original bedding. 
A)  Foliation is parallel to original bedding. 
B)  Foliation is at about 45° to original bedding. 
C)  Foliation is perpendicular to original bedding. 
D)  Foliation can be at a variety of angles to original bedding.

Question 9

Normal faulting is most often associated with mountain building along ___________ boundaries,whereas reverse faulting is generally observed at ___________ boundaries.

Accepted Answer

A)  divergent; transform 
B)  transform; convergent 
C)  convergent; divergent 
D)  divergent; convergent 
A)  divergent; transform 
B)  transform; convergent 
C)  convergent; divergent 
D)  divergent; convergent

Question 10

Shear stress at sufficient depth within a fault plane can induce plastic shear,forming a fine-grained metamorphic rock named ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ignimbrite 
B)  gneiss 
C)  mylonite 
D)  migmatite 
A)  ignimbrite 
B)  gneiss 
C)  mylonite 
D)  migmatite

Question 11

Compare and contrast a cratonic shield and platform.

Accepted Answer

The cratonic shield and platform are bot

Question 12

What can be said about a mountain range that is being uplifted at 2 cm/year but is not growing any taller?

Accepted Answer

A)  The crustal root is thinning at the same rate as the uplift. 
B)  The crustal root is thickening faster than the uplift. 
C)  The rate of erosion is the same as the rate of uplift. 
D)  The rate of erosion is higher than the rate of uplift. 
A)  The crustal root is thinning at the same rate as the uplift. 
B)  The crustal root is thickening faster than the uplift. 
C)  The rate of erosion is the same as the rate of uplift. 
D)  The rate of erosion is higher than the rate of uplift.

Question 13

What is the difference between a dip-slip fault and a strike-slip fault? Describe each and give specific examples (use sketches if that helps).

Accepted Answer

Dip-slip faults involve vertical displac

Question 14

A polished surface produced by scraping of rock along a fault is termed a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  orogeny 
B)  phylogeny 
C)  aureole 
D)  slickenside 
A)  orogeny 
B)  phylogeny 
C)  aureole 
D)  slickenside

Question 15

Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  exotic terranes 
B)  accreted terranes 
C)  cratons 
D)  cratonic platforms 
A)  exotic terranes 
B)  accreted terranes 
C)  cratons 
D)  cratonic platforms

Question 16

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

A)  orogeny 
B)  phylogeny 
C)  aureole 
D)  slickenside 
A)  orogeny 
B)  phylogeny 
C)  aureole 
D)  slickenside

Question 17

What are the three components of deformation? Briefly explain each.

Accepted Answer

The three components of deformation are

Question 18

How is stress different from force?

Accepted Answer

A)  Force is the stress applied per unit area. 
B)  Stress is the force applied per unit area. 
C)  Force comes from one direction,while stress comes from all directions. 
D)  They are not different: stress and force are synonymous. 
A)  Force is the stress applied per unit area. 
B)  Stress is the force applied per unit area. 
C)  Force comes from one direction,while stress comes from all directions. 
D)  They are not different: stress and force are synonymous.

Question 19

Compared to the Rocky Mountains,the Appalachian Mountains are a series of gently sloping hills.Have they always looked this way? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The Appalachian Mountains formed during

Question 20

What types of geologic structures would you expect to find in an area that had undergone compression?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary; however,stu

Exam 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building

Movement along faults often produces a rock formed from sharply angled rock fragments termed ________.

Why do earthquakes occur only above the brittle/plastic transition depth?

Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed,in part,by ___________ in the crust.

Which of these properly illustrates the principle of isostasy?

Which fault below could result from both strike-slip and dip-slip stresses?

Compare and contrast domes and basins.If both are composed solely of sedimentary beds that have been eroded such that the ground surface is level,how would you identify each?

In the image below,the rocks have been bent into an elongate arch.This is a(n)________.

How is tectonic foliation,such as elongation of quartz grains,oriented relative to the original bedding plane of a body of rock?

Normal faulting is most often associated with mountain building along ___________ boundaries,whereas reverse faulting is generally observed at ___________ boundaries.

Shear stress at sufficient depth within a fault plane can induce plastic shear,forming a fine-grained metamorphic rock named ________.

Compare and contrast a cratonic shield and platform.

What can be said about a mountain range that is being uplifted at 2 cm/year but is not growing any taller?

What is the difference between a dip-slip fault and a strike-slip fault? Describe each and give specific examples (use sketches if that helps).

A polished surface produced by scraping of rock along a fault is termed a(n)________.

Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed ________.

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n)________.

What are the three components of deformation? Briefly explain each.

How is stress different from force?

Compared to the Rocky Mountains,the Appalachian Mountains are a series of gently sloping hills.Have they always looked this way? Explain.

What types of geologic structures would you expect to find in an area that had undergone compression?

Cosmology and the Birth of the Earth

Journey to the Center of the Earth

Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas

The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics

Patterns in Nature: Minerals

Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks

Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphism: a Process of Change

The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions

A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes

Deep Time: How Old Is Old

A Biography of the Earth

Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources

Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources

Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements

Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water

Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts

A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater

An Envelope of Gas: the Earths Atmosphere and Climate

Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts

Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages

Global Change in the Earth System

Introducing Rocks

a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils

the Rock Cycle in the Earth System

the Earths Interior, Revisited: Seismic Layering, Gravity, and the Magnetic Field

Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution

Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle

Prelude: and Just What Is Geology

Filters

Normal faulting is most often associated with mountain building along _ boundaries,whereas reverse faulting is generally observed at _ boundaries.