Exam 1: D: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

Many people believe that your chances of conceiving a child after adoption is higher than before;in fact,there is no difference in the likelihood of conception.This is an example of

Using needlessly technical language to explain phenomena refers to

If you look into a burning fire and seem to make out the face of a person among the glowing embers,you have fallen victim to

Researchers have shown a correlation between the number of tattoos on a motorist and the likelihood they get into an accident.To avoid the correlation = causation error,you would have to conclude that

__________ are general explanations,whereas __________ are specific predictions derived from these explanations.

Douglas believes that females are more polite and respectful than males.He easily recalls examples of this and constantly points out situations to others that support this belief.However,he often ignores evidence to the contrary.Douglas's belief about gender differences in socially appropriate behaviour is maintained through

The lasting contribution of the psychological school of thought known as structuralism is

Many claims of ESP have been refuted since,under controlled conditions,the claimants have been unable to reproduce the alleged abilities.This an example of the failure to

Chandra was reading in bed,and dozing off while doing so,when she suddenly thought she saw something that looked like a ghost standing over the end of her bed.However,she remembered what she learned in her psychology class about hypnagogic imagery during the initial stages of sleep and concluded that she had not seen a ghost.In this example,Chandra is relying on what principle of critical thinking?

According to the authors,someone who considers the available evidence carefully is called a

A major problem with common-sense proverbs is that they often coexist with their complete opposite.This violates which principle of critical thinking?

Dr.Siela claimed that all humans had invisible souls that guided their behaviour.Which of the following principles of critical thinking is most applicable to his claim?

"Scientists have never been able to show that extraterrestrials visitors did not create crop circles so that's the likely reason." This example highlights the __________ fallacy.

Penelope refuses to give her children cough syrup when they are sick because she knows a mother who did this and it resulted in brain damage in her child.Which warning sign of pseudoscience relates to Penelope's opinion?

Which of the following categories involves claims that are always untestable (and therefore unfalsifiable)?

Researchers who have questioned the effectiveness of eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR)therapy argue that supporters have failed to consider that patients are being administered exposure therapy at the same time as EMDR.Further,the apparent effectiveness of EMDR is due to this exposure and not the eye movements.This example is most related to what principle of critical thinking?

Dr.Boliba develops a herbal supplement that he claims increases memory abilities;however,many other researchers have been unable to replicate his findings and report that placebo pills are just as effective as his herbal supplement.In response to these criticisms,Dr.Boliba argues that his pills increase specific types of memory that were not tested by researchers and that the participants must have performed poorly in other studies because they were concerned about taking a drug.In this example,which warning sign of pseudoscience are you witnessing?

Which warning sign of pseudoscience is synonymous with stating an unfalsifiable hypothesis or theory?

Will and Kristyn are laying on a hill looking up at the stars.Kristyn looks over and sees the face of a man appearing on the moon.She fails to consider that this face is really a combination of craters on the moon's surface and her own perceptual abilities creating meaning.She has fallen victim to

A key characteristic of a pseudoscience is that incorrect theories are