Question 1

"My parents and even grandparents believe that Freud was a quack! Don't believe anything he says!" This is a logical fallacy known as

Accepted Answer

A) argument from antiquity. 
B) naturalistic. 
C) genetic. 
D) appeal to authority. 
A) argument from antiquity. 
B) naturalistic. 
C) genetic. 
D) appeal to authority.

Question 2

What might be a reasonable third variable to explain the link between higher crime and whether you live in a single-parent home?

Accepted Answer

A) Poverty 
B) Genetics 
C) Education 
D) Diet 
A) Poverty 
B) Genetics 
C) Education 
D) Diet

Question 3

Philosopher Karl Popper would be most impressed with a hypothesis of yours if it made a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) safe prediction. 
B) risky prediction. 
C) irrefutable prediction. 
D) unfalsifiable prediction. 
A) safe prediction. 
B) risky prediction. 
C) irrefutable prediction. 
D) unfalsifiable prediction.

Question 4

Talk show experts often take extreme positions and use language that is designed to anger and upset persons who agree with the pundit's position.These strong,negative feelings are likely to encourage the

Accepted Answer

A) either-or fallacy. 
B) bandwagon fallacy. 
C) not me fallacy. 
D) emotional reasoning fallacy. 
A) either-or fallacy. 
B) bandwagon fallacy. 
C) not me fallacy. 
D) emotional reasoning fallacy.

Question 5

Some people doubt the truthfulness of Freud's theory,citing the fact that he was a cocaine user.This highlights which fallacy?

Accepted Answer

A) Genetic fallacy 
B) Appeal to authority fallacy 
C) Hasty generalization fallacy 
D) Argument from antiquity fallacy 
A) Genetic fallacy 
B) Appeal to authority fallacy 
C) Hasty generalization fallacy 
D) Argument from antiquity fallacy

Question 6

According to the tenets of terror management theory,why do we often adopt beliefs in the paranormal?

Accepted Answer

A) Mortality salience encourages reassuring cultural perspectives,like the existence of heaven or the afterlife. 
B) Mortality salience encourages experiential and other forms of illogical reasoning. 
C) Mortality salience encourages religious faith or spirituality. 
D) Mortality salience encourages higher levels of belief in the unknowable. 
A) Mortality salience encourages reassuring cultural perspectives,like the existence of heaven or the afterlife. 
B) Mortality salience encourages experiential and other forms of illogical reasoning. 
C) Mortality salience encourages religious faith or spirituality. 
D) Mortality salience encourages higher levels of belief in the unknowable.

Question 7

Carmen is thinking about her best friend,Simone,who lives in France,and is wondering when she will get to talk to her again,when the phone suddenly rings and it is a call from Simone! Carmen says that Simone must have ESP.Carmen's belief is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) a scientific hypothesis. 
B) patternicity. 
C) transcendental temptation. 
D) emotional reasoning fallacy. 
A) a scientific hypothesis. 
B) patternicity. 
C) transcendental temptation. 
D) emotional reasoning fallacy.

Question 8

The key take-home message from the authors' discussion of crop circles is that

Accepted Answer

A) the cause of some real-world events are unexplainable and unknowable. 
B) hoaxers often impede scientific progress into the understanding of unexplainable events like the English crop circles. 
C) aliens or some form of extraterrestrial being has been trying to communicate with humans for hundreds of years. 
D) critical thinkers must select the simpler of two claims that fit with the available evidence. 
A) the cause of some real-world events are unexplainable and unknowable. 
B) hoaxers often impede scientific progress into the understanding of unexplainable events like the English crop circles. 
C) aliens or some form of extraterrestrial being has been trying to communicate with humans for hundreds of years. 
D) critical thinkers must select the simpler of two claims that fit with the available evidence.

Question 9

All types of psychology involve

Accepted Answer

A) interactions between patients and therapists. 
B) treating people's behavioural and emotional problems. 
C) the use of scientific methods. 
D) replicating what is already known via common sense. 
A) interactions between patients and therapists. 
B) treating people's behavioural and emotional problems. 
C) the use of scientific methods. 
D) replicating what is already known via common sense.

Question 10

Suppose you advance a theory that says you need two working eyes to live,and set up your research question clearly so that the discovery of a single one-eyed living person will refute the theory.In the context of critical thinking,this is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) replicability. 
B) ruling out rival hypotheses. 
C) parsimony. 
D) falsifiability. 
A) replicability. 
B) ruling out rival hypotheses. 
C) parsimony. 
D) falsifiability.

Question 11

In a survey of the Canadian public,which pseudoscientific belief was endorsed by the greatest percentage of both men and women?

Accepted Answer

A) Extraterrestrials have visited Earth. 
B) People can communicate with someone who has died. 
C) The position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives. 
D) Houses can be haunted. 
A) Extraterrestrials have visited Earth. 
B) People can communicate with someone who has died. 
C) The position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives. 
D) Houses can be haunted.

Question 12

Suppose that a therapist notices several clients with anxiety disorders also demonstrate symptoms consistent with major depressive disorder.Why should she be cautious in making the assumption that experiencing an anxiety disorder causes one to experience major depressive disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) Her observations may not be replicated by other researchers. 
B) The relationship may really be the result of a third variable such as lack of personal control. 
C) The relationship may really be in the opposite direction;having major depressive disorder causes one to experience anxiety disorders. 
D) The observed relationship creates an unfalsifiable research question. 
A) Her observations may not be replicated by other researchers. 
B) The relationship may really be the result of a third variable such as lack of personal control. 
C) The relationship may really be in the opposite direction;having major depressive disorder causes one to experience anxiety disorders. 
D) The observed relationship creates an unfalsifiable research question.

Question 13

Reasoning traps that can lead to erroneous conclusions are called

Accepted Answer

A) systematic information biases. 
B) experiential thought patterns. 
C) confirmation biases. 
D) logical fallacies. 
A) systematic information biases. 
B) experiential thought patterns. 
C) confirmation biases. 
D) logical fallacies.

Question 14

The principle of parsimony is to __________ as the third variable problem is to __________.

Accepted Answer

A) Popper's predictions;ruling out rival hypotheses 
B) falsifiability;replicability 
C) Occam's razor;correlation versus causation 
D) extraordinary claims;scientific skepticism 
A) Popper's predictions;ruling out rival hypotheses 
B) falsifiability;replicability 
C) Occam's razor;correlation versus causation 
D) extraordinary claims;scientific skepticism

Question 15

__________ represents a set of claims that seem scientific but really are not.

Accepted Answer

A) Pseudoscience 
B) Metaphysics 
C) Metacognition 
D) Religion 
A) Pseudoscience 
B) Metaphysics 
C) Metacognition 
D) Religion

Question 16

Terror management theory says we are more likely to believe extraordinary claims when we are reminded of our own

Accepted Answer

A) death. 
B) family. 
C) faults. 
D) successes. 
A) death. 
B) family. 
C) faults. 
D) successes.

Question 17

Suppose a teacher hears from the principal at the start of the school year that an especially "weak" student will be admitted to their class.From September to October,the teacher indeed sees that this student struggles with assignments.In November,the principal states that the student admitted to the class was actually quite strong.But even after knowing this,the teacher still grades the student poorly.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) the representativeness heuristic. 
B) the hindsight bias. 
C) belief perseverance. 
D) the availability heuristic. 
A) the representativeness heuristic. 
B) the hindsight bias. 
C) belief perseverance. 
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 18

__________ refers to the fact that we mutually influence each other's behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A) Mutual exclusion 
B) Kin selection 
C) Reciprocal determinism 
D) Naive realism 
A) Mutual exclusion 
B) Kin selection 
C) Reciprocal determinism 
D) Naive realism

Question 19

Gregg's nose itches as he is walking toward his telephone to call someone.Gregg phones his friend Maurice who tells him,"Man,we were just talking about you.That's freaky!" Gregg takes this as support for the folk wisdom "your nose itches when people are talking about you." In reality,this is an example of the confirmation bias because

Accepted Answer

A) Gregg is not a scientist and therefore cannot answer the question. 
B) Gregg failed to consider the times where his nose itched and no one was talking about him. 
C) the folk wisdom "your nose itches when people are talking about you" is an unfalsifiable question. 
D) Gregg continues to believe this even though no evidence for it exists. 
A) Gregg is not a scientist and therefore cannot answer the question. 
B) Gregg failed to consider the times where his nose itched and no one was talking about him. 
C) the folk wisdom "your nose itches when people are talking about you" is an unfalsifiable question. 
D) Gregg continues to believe this even though no evidence for it exists.

Question 20

Once a guest appeared on The Tonight Show,with former host Johnny Carson,and showed her collection of potato chips that resembled famous celebrities or historical figures.One example was a potato chip that was said to resemble Abraham Lincoln.In actuality,this guest was providing an example of

Accepted Answer

A) the bandwagon fallacy 
B) the confirmation bias. 
C) belief perseverance. 
D) patternicity. 
A) the bandwagon fallacy 
B) the confirmation bias. 
C) belief perseverance. 
D) patternicity.

Exam 1: D: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

"My parents and even grandparents believe that Freud was a quack! Don't believe anything he says!" This is a logical fallacy known as

What might be a reasonable third variable to explain the link between higher crime and whether you live in a single-parent home?

Philosopher Karl Popper would be most impressed with a hypothesis of yours if it made a(n)

Talk show experts often take extreme positions and use language that is designed to anger and upset persons who agree with the pundit's position.These strong,negative feelings are likely to encourage the

Some people doubt the truthfulness of Freud's theory,citing the fact that he was a cocaine user.This highlights which fallacy?

According to the tenets of terror management theory,why do we often adopt beliefs in the paranormal?

Carmen is thinking about her best friend,Simone,who lives in France,and is wondering when she will get to talk to her again,when the phone suddenly rings and it is a call from Simone! Carmen says that Simone must have ESP.Carmen's belief is an example of

The key take-home message from the authors' discussion of crop circles is that

All types of psychology involve

Suppose you advance a theory that says you need two working eyes to live,and set up your research question clearly so that the discovery of a single one-eyed living person will refute the theory.In the context of critical thinking,this is an example of

In a survey of the Canadian public,which pseudoscientific belief was endorsed by the greatest percentage of both men and women?

Suppose that a therapist notices several clients with anxiety disorders also demonstrate symptoms consistent with major depressive disorder.Why should she be cautious in making the assumption that experiencing an anxiety disorder causes one to experience major depressive disorder?

Reasoning traps that can lead to erroneous conclusions are called

The principle of parsimony is to __________ as the third variable problem is to __________.

__________ represents a set of claims that seem scientific but really are not.

Terror management theory says we are more likely to believe extraordinary claims when we are reminded of our own

__________ refers to the fact that we mutually influence each other's behaviour.

Once a guest appeared on The Tonight Show,with former host Johnny Carson,and showed her collection of potato chips that resembled famous celebrities or historical figures.One example was a potato chip that was said to resemble Abraham Lincoln.In actuality,this guest was providing an example of

A: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

B: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

C: Psychology and Scientific Thinking

A: Research Methods

B: Research Methods

C: Research Methods

D: Research Methods

A: Biological Psychology

B: Biological Psychology

C: Biological Psychology

D: Biological Psychology

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

A: Consciousness

B: Consciousness

C: Consciousness

D: Consciousness

A: Learning

B: Learning

C: Learning

D: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

D: Memory

A: Thinking,reasoning,and Language

B: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

C: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

D: Language,thinking,and Reasoning

A: Intelligence and Iq Testing

B: Intelligence and Iq Testing

C: Intelligence and Iq Testing

D: Intelligence and Iq Testing

A: Human Development

B: Human Development

C: Human Development

D: Human Development

A: Emotion and Motivation

B: Emotion and Motivation

C: Emotion and Motivation

D: Emotion and Motivation

A: Stress,coping,and Health

B: Stress,coping,and Health

C: Stress,coping,and Health

D: Stress,coping,and Health

A: Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

C: Social Psychology

D: Social Psychology

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

C: Psychological Disorders

D: Psychological Disorders

A: Psychological and Biological Treatments

B: Psychological and Biological Treatments

The principle of parsimony is to as the third variable problem is to .