Question 1

Who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Joseph Southern 
B)  Paul H. Gallo 
C)  Kary B. Mullins 
D)  Tim Klenow 
A)  Joseph Southern 
B)  Paul H. Gallo 
C)  Kary B. Mullins 
D)  Tim Klenow C

Question 2

One drawback to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)is:

Accepted Answer

A)  The process is easily contaminated. 
B)  The process takes a very long time to make the replications of DNA. 
C)  The results of the PCR test are very technique dependent, so that different technicians can get different results. 
D)  Patient care may be compromised if false-positive PCR results are generated. 
A)  The process is easily contaminated. 
B)  The process takes a very long time to make the replications of DNA. 
C)  The results of the PCR test are very technique dependent, so that different technicians can get different results. 
D)  Patient care may be compromised if false-positive PCR results are generated. A

Question 3

What types of compounds are used for labeling probes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Agar 
B)  Fluorescein 
C)  Digitoxin 
D)  Horseradish peroxidase 
A)  Agar 
B)  Fluorescein 
C)  Digitoxin 
D)  Horseradish peroxidase B

Question 4

The most sensitive technique available for detecting and quantifying messenger RNA is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
B)  Standard PCR 
C)  Nested PCR 
D)  Reverse-transcription PCR 
A)  Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
B)  Standard PCR 
C)  Nested PCR 
D)  Reverse-transcription PCR

Question 5

A Northern blot is used to detect:

Accepted Answer

A)  Proteins 
B)  RNA 
C)  DNA 
D)  Lipids 
A)  Proteins 
B)  RNA 
C)  DNA 
D)  Lipids

Question 6

All of the following amplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains for an organism EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Random amplified polymorphic DNA 
B)  Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 
C)  Repetitive palindromic extragenic elements polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
D)  Multilocus sequence typing 
A)  Random amplified polymorphic DNA 
B)  Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 
C)  Repetitive palindromic extragenic elements polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
D)  Multilocus sequence typing

Question 7

The probe is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Immobilized on a solid support mechanism 
B)  The strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer 
C)  The RNA portion that will act as the DNA replicase and allow replication to occur 
D)  Used to detect the target nucleic acid molecule 
A)  Immobilized on a solid support mechanism 
B)  The strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer 
C)  The RNA portion that will act as the DNA replicase and allow replication to occur 
D)  Used to detect the target nucleic acid molecule

Question 8

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Bromthymol blue 
B)  Bromcresol green 
C)  Ethidium bromide 
D)  Phenolphthalein 
A)  Bromthymol blue 
B)  Bromcresol green 
C)  Ethidium bromide 
D)  Phenolphthalein

Question 9

The Southern blot test separates:

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA 
B)  Proteins 
C)  Lipids 
D)  DNA 
A)  RNA 
B)  Proteins 
C)  Lipids 
D)  DNA

Question 10

The goal of the primer annealing step is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Hybridize oligonucleotide primers to the denatured, single-stranded target DNA strands. 
B)  Separate the target DNA so that the solution can be electrophoresed and a Northern blot performed. 
C)  Cut the native DNA into small pieces with a restriction enzyme. 
D)  Amplify exponentially over many cycles of these three reaction steps. 
A)  Hybridize oligonucleotide primers to the denatured, single-stranded target DNA strands. 
B)  Separate the target DNA so that the solution can be electrophoresed and a Northern blot performed. 
C)  Cut the native DNA into small pieces with a restriction enzyme. 
D)  Amplify exponentially over many cycles of these three reaction steps.

Question 11

The variables that affect the outcome of a given hybridization reaction include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Organic acid concentration 
B)  Salt strength 
C)  pH 
D)  Temperature 
A)  Organic acid concentration 
B)  Salt strength 
C)  pH 
D)  Temperature

Question 12

What is the principle of restriction enzyme analysis of chromosomal DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasmids are cut into small pieces with restriction enzymes. The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis; there is transfer to a membrane, then use of a probe to identify specific sequences. 
B)  The chromosomal DNA is denatured, then annealed. The resulting hybrids are electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, and then analyzed for a specific sequence. 
C)  DNA is extracted and isolated and digested with a restriction enzyme. The resulting RFLP pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane. 
D)  The serum specimen is electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, digested, and then reacted with a probe to identify the target. 
A)  Plasmids are cut into small pieces with restriction enzymes. The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis; there is transfer to a membrane, then use of a probe to identify specific sequences. 
B)  The chromosomal DNA is denatured, then annealed. The resulting hybrids are electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, and then analyzed for a specific sequence. 
C)  DNA is extracted and isolated and digested with a restriction enzyme. The resulting RFLP pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane. 
D)  The serum specimen is electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, digested, and then reacted with a probe to identify the target.

Question 13

Accurate epidemiologic surveillance of specific organisms is needed for all the following reasons EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  The rise of large numbers of antibiotic resistant isolates 
B)  Increases in the rates of toxin-producing bacteria 
C)  The spread of pathogenic microbes across the world 
D)  The increase in nosocomial infections 
A)  The rise of large numbers of antibiotic resistant isolates 
B)  Increases in the rates of toxin-producing bacteria 
C)  The spread of pathogenic microbes across the world 
D)  The increase in nosocomial infections

Question 14

In polymerase chain reaction (PCR),the target DNA is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Complexed with RNA 
B)  Made using reverse transcriptase 
C)  Exponentially amplified over many cycles of PCR 
D)  Separated so that the solution can be electrophoresed and a Northern blot performed 
A)  Complexed with RNA 
B)  Made using reverse transcriptase 
C)  Exponentially amplified over many cycles of PCR 
D)  Separated so that the solution can be electrophoresed and a Northern blot performed

Question 15

This cation is required for the proper function of the Taq DNA polymerase.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ca 
B)  Na 
C)  Cl 
D)  Mg 
A)  Ca 
B)  Na 
C)  Cl 
D)  Mg

Question 16

How is the stability of a given hybrid calculated?

Accepted Answer

A)  By calculating the number of certain types of bases in its structure 
B)  By calculating the length of the hybrid 
C)  By determining the melting temperature of a probe 
D)  By determining the ionic strength of the test solution 
A)  By calculating the number of certain types of bases in its structure 
B)  By calculating the length of the hybrid 
C)  By determining the melting temperature of a probe 
D)  By determining the ionic strength of the test solution

Question 17

What is the principle of the 5' nuclease assay (Taqman)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluorescent probe is mixed with labeled primers and a sandwich occurs where the fluorescent molecule is activated to fluorescence. 
B)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the Taqman probe is annealed. The reporter dye is released by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase first, then the probe is released, thus increasing the fluorescence. 
C)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the Taqman probe is annealed. Then the reporter dye is activated and the fluorescence increases with the number of hybrids that are produced. 
D)  A bioluminescent probe is attached to the 5' side of the primer. As the Taq DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the growing chain, the last nucleotide added (because of steric hindrance) will be the bioluminescent probe. Once added, the probe will begin luminescing and the concentration of the hybrids is directly proportional to the amount of luminescence that is produced. 
A)  Fluorescent probe is mixed with labeled primers and a sandwich occurs where the fluorescent molecule is activated to fluorescence. 
B)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the Taqman probe is annealed. The reporter dye is released by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase first, then the probe is released, thus increasing the fluorescence. 
C)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the Taqman probe is annealed. Then the reporter dye is activated and the fluorescence increases with the number of hybrids that are produced. 
D)  A bioluminescent probe is attached to the 5' side of the primer. As the Taq DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the growing chain, the last nucleotide added (because of steric hindrance) will be the bioluminescent probe. Once added, the probe will begin luminescing and the concentration of the hybrids is directly proportional to the amount of luminescence that is produced.

Question 18

This method analyzes gene expression polymorphism by analyzing proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B)  Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 
C)  Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
D)  Multilocus sequence typing 
A)  Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B)  Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 
C)  Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
D)  Multilocus sequence typing

Question 19

The principle of solid support hybridization (often called blotting)is:

Accepted Answer

A)  The target sequence is part of the liquid support, and the probe, which is attached to solid support, hybridizes to the target. 
B)  All the target nucleic acids are gathered in one spot on the electrophoresis gel. Then all the probes are flooded in the same area and produce a blot of duplexes. 
C)  The target sequence is part of the solid support, and the probe, which is in solution, hybridizes to the target. 
D)  The probe is electrophoresed in agar, then transferred to filter paper. The antibody-based probe is then applied to the filter paper, and blots appear where there is binding. 
A)  The target sequence is part of the liquid support, and the probe, which is attached to solid support, hybridizes to the target. 
B)  All the target nucleic acids are gathered in one spot on the electrophoresis gel. Then all the probes are flooded in the same area and produce a blot of duplexes. 
C)  The target sequence is part of the solid support, and the probe, which is in solution, hybridizes to the target. 
D)  The probe is electrophoresed in agar, then transferred to filter paper. The antibody-based probe is then applied to the filter paper, and blots appear where there is binding.

Question 20

In a hybridization reaction,the pH affects:

Accepted Answer

A)  The probe's nucleic acids so that they do not lose their hydrogens 
B)  The breakdown of the oligonucleotide pieces 
C)  The ability of the mismatches between the probe and the target to duplex 
D)  The stability of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in solution 
A)  The probe's nucleic acids so that they do not lose their hydrogens 
B)  The breakdown of the oligonucleotide pieces 
C)  The ability of the mismatches between the probe and the target to duplex 
D)  The stability of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in solution

Exam 11: Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

One drawback to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)is:

What types of compounds are used for labeling probes?

The most sensitive technique available for detecting and quantifying messenger RNA is:

A Northern blot is used to detect:

All of the following amplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains for an organism EXCEPT:

The probe is:

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is:

The Southern blot test separates:

The goal of the primer annealing step is to:

The variables that affect the outcome of a given hybridization reaction include all of the following EXCEPT:

What is the principle of restriction enzyme analysis of chromosomal DNA?

Accurate epidemiologic surveillance of specific organisms is needed for all the following reasons EXCEPT:

In polymerase chain reaction (PCR),the target DNA is:

This cation is required for the proper function of the Taq DNA polymerase.

How is the stability of a given hybrid calculated?

What is the principle of the 5' nuclease assay (Taqman)?

This method analyzes gene expression polymorphism by analyzing proteins.

The principle of solid support hybridization (often called blotting)is:

In a hybridization reaction,the pH affects:

Bacterial Cell Structure, physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Host-Parasite Interaction

Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Infected Materials

Use of Colonial Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio,aeromonas,plesiomonas and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

Spirochetes

Chlamydia and Rickettsia

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Other Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

Filters