Exam 4: Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics

Biologic work occurs in two forms: muscular and cellular.

Aerobic refers to reactions that do not require energy.

The body stores only __________ of ATP at any one time.

$\beta$ -Oxidation of fatty acids provides the same two-carbon acetyl unit as acetyl generated from __________ breakdown.

__________ is the term used to describe cleavage of glucose from stored glycogen.

When intense, long-duration exercise depletes glycogen reserves, __________ serves as the primary fuel for exercise and recovery.

Fatty acids can contribute to glucose synthesis.

Reduction refers to energy transfer through phosphate bonds.

__________ is the process by which the plant pigment chlorophyll absorbs solar energy to synthesize glucose.

The substance being reduced or gaining electrons is called the reducing agent.

The anaerobic reactions of glycolysis generate energy more slowly than the reactions of fatty acid catabolism.

During extreme carbohydrate depletion, the acetate fragments produced in $\beta$ -oxidation cannot readily enter the citric acid cycle. The liver converts these compounds to __________.

The term bioenergetics refers to the flow of energy within a living system.

Energy release from the intramuscular energy-rich phosphates ATP and PCr sustains all-out exercise for approximately __________.

Energy from the sun is in the form of alpha radiation, which then converts to nuclear energy.

The most important function of the citric acid cycle is to generate __________.

Solar energy coupled with photosynthesis powers the animal world with food and oxygen.

__________ refers to energy transfer through phosphate bonds.

The coenzyme FAD, which serves as an important electron acceptor in oxidizing food fragments, contains what vitamin?

The liver cells conserve the potential energy in the lactate and pyruvate molecules formed during exercise as the carbon skeletons of these molecules become synthesized to glucose in the __________.