Exam 4: Nutrient Role in Bioenergetics

Free fatty acids are stored directly within the muscle fiber in close proximity to the mitochondria.

When intense, long-duration exercise depletes glycogen reserves, amino acids serves as a primary fuel for exercise and recovery.

Only three forms of energy exist: heat, light, and nuclear energy.

Reactions of energy transfer increase rapidly when exercise begins.

Energy transformations in the body largely depend upon __________.

The term hyperox reaction describes a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction.

Anaerobic energy release can proceed in the absence of oxygen for short periods of time.

Under physiological conditions, the majority of lactic acid dissociates and presents as lactate.

Compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) provide energy to the cell.

Aerobic energy from glucose metabolism occurs in __________.

Cellular oxidation-reduction constitutes the body's mechanism for energy metabolism.

Cells store approximately four to six times more PCr than ATP.

The enzyme __________ regulates and limits the breakdown of stored glycogen for energy.

A series of iron-protein electron carriers called cytochromes make up the electron transport system.

The first law of thermodynamics states that __________.

The splitting of an ATP molecule takes place immediately and without __________.

Without the availability of __________ for phosphorylation to ATP, electrons do not travel down the respiratory chain to oxygen.

The hormone __________ influences the activity of glycogen phosphorylase to cleave glucose from glycogen.

Exercise performance is greatly influenced by:

The body's special carrier for free energy is __________.