Exam 11: Pharmacologic and Chemical Ergogenic

__________ refers to combining supraphysiologic dosages of multiple steroid preparations in oral and injectable forms because advocates believe various androgens differ in their physiologic actions.

Orally active 17-alkylated androgens in healthy men and women rapidly increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), decreases both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol, and reduces the HDL-C-to-LDL-C ratio.

__________ exert a powerful stimulating effect on central nervous system function.

Testosterone, but not aldosterone, progesterone, or adrenalin, functions similarly to:

Alcohol (more specifically ethyl alcohol or ethanol-a form of carbohydrate) classifies as a depressant drug and provides 7 kilocalories of energy per gram (mL) of pure substance (100% or 200% proof).

Ergogenic benefit of preexercise bicarbonate loading.

A pathologic condition called __________ occurs from the effects of androgens on the liver, when multiple, randomly distributed blood-filled cavities of pathologic origin develop, raining in diameter from millimeters to several centimeters.

The new genetic engineering technique of CRISPR (acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat), discovered by UC Berkeley American biochemist Jennifer Doudna, has opened up a new era for the proper medical intervention into disease, and not for "gene doping" advocated by some to thwart illegal drug use in sports.

Drug testing of athletes has consistently expanded, with the initiation of the International Olympic Committee random, unannounced drug testing in track and field in 1989 to the administration of 3500 tests before the opening ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, 4500 tests during the 2008 Beijing Games, 6250 blood and urine samples at the 2012 London Olympics, and over 5000 tests analyzed at the 2016 Rio Olympics.

Side effect of amphetamines

Substances function similarly to testosterone.

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

Anabolic steroids function similarly to the hormone __________.

Androstenedione produced in the __________ serves as an intermediary step that eventually forms testosterone, estrone, and estradiol.

Amphetamines or "pep pills," first synthesized in 1887, are pharmacologic compounds that exert powerful stimulating effects on central nervous system function.

Up to 5 million athletes worldwide (90% of male and 80% of female professional bodybuilders) currently use androgens, often combined with stimulants, hormones, and diuretics, believing their use augments training effectiveness.

Athletes of ancient Greece from about 700 to 300 B.C. reportedly used hallucinogenic mushrooms, plant seeds, and ground dog testicles for ergogenic purposes, while Roman gladiator athletes ingested the equivalent of "speed" to enhance performance in the Circus Maximus (about 200-300 A.D.).

Amphetamine's medical risks

One cup of brewed coffee generally contains between __________ of caffeine.

Caffeine enhances motoneuronal excitability and facilitates motor unit recruitment do not result from its direct action on the central nervous system, rather from indirectly stimulating the nervous system by blocking the chemical neuromodulator adenosine to calm brain and spinal cord neurons.