Exam 11: Pharmacologic and Chemical Ergogenic

Structural component of the internal layer of plasma membranes that surrounds all cells and may modify body's neuroendocrine stress response.

The WADS (World Anti Doping Society) and USOCS (United States Office of Controlled Substances) do not include DHEA on their banned substance lists at zero-tolerance levels.

Human growth hormone (hGH)

High-quality research withstands the rigors of critical review and evaluation by colleagues with expertise in the specific area of investigation. Thus, such peer review provides a measure of quality control over the scholarship and interpretation of research findings.

__________, a bioactive metabolite generated from the breakdown of leucine, may decrease protein loss during stress by inhibiting protein catabolism.

A reduced heart rate of three beats a minute during submaximal physical activity may reach statistical significance (greater than chance occurrence), yet confer little practical effect on altering aerobic fitness or cardiovascular function.

The mechanism for any HMB effect __________.

A survey of 500 steroid users reported that nearly 80% were nonathletes who take these drugs for cosmetic purposes. The majority self-administer with intramuscular injections, with nearly 1 in 10 reporting hazardous injection techniques.

Phosphate loading increases the potential for ATP phosphorylation.

According to an ACSM Position statement, anabolic-androgenic steroids with an adequate diet and training can contribute to decreases in body weight, often in the lean to fat mass compartment.

Androstenedione occurs naturally __________ and some plant extracts.

__________ exerts a stimulating effect on central nervous system functions.

Glutamine exerts many regulatory functions. The main function that attracts many bodybuilders is that it __________.

Caffeine overconsumption stimulates the __________ to produce these unwelcome outcomes-restlessness, headaches, insomnia and nervous irritability, muscle twitching, tremulousness, psychomotor agitation, and trigger premature left ventricular contractions.

Two articles in the New York Times in August and September 2015 described Coca-Cola's support of academic researchers who founded the Global Energy Balance Network to promote physical activity as an effective method to prevent obesity. The article relied on e-mail evidence to document how Monsanto, the multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation, and the organic food industry recruited professors and researchers to lobby, write, and testify to Congress on their behalf.

Synthetic dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated ester DHEAS are relatively weak steroid hormones synthesized from __________ in the __________.

General side effects of amphetamines include all of the following except __________.

The ergogenic effect of caffeine in high-intensity endurance occurs from __________.

Popular hormone __________ supplemented by some in the hope of optimizing training and countering the effects of aging.

The sympathomimetic amine clenbuterol has become popular among athletes in many different sports because of its purported tissue building, fat-reducing benefits.