Exam 11: Pharmacologic and Chemical Ergogenic

This emerging field of __________ identifies ways to modify biochemical pathways by introducing genes having markedly different properties than the original host plant or animal.

Bicarbonate loading:

In the mid-19th century in Europe, a tonic mixture of Bordeaux wine and natural cocaine extracted from cocoa leaves developed by French chemist Ange-François Mariani (1821-1873) was sold as a curative for medicinal and recreational purposes to "rev up" the body. Athletes would consume the drink to ward off fatigue, sometimes during the actual sport performance!

True about clenbuterol

For more than seven decades, researchers and athletes have debated the true effect of anabolic steroids on body composition and exercise performance. Much of the confusion about anabolic steroids' ergogenic effectiveness stems from variations in these variables; experimental design; poor selection of controls; accompanying nutritional supplementation; individual differences in response.

Steroid abuse also typically associates with the following worrisome medical consequences in men-testicular atrophy; baldness; prostate hypertrophy; Injury and alterations in cardiovascular function and myocardial cell cultures.

Caffeine's metabolic half-life ranges between 6 and 12 hours. Caffeine clears the body in about 2 hours before it's blood caffeine concentration decreases by one-half. As a frame of reference, it requires about 10 hours for clearance of other stimulants like methamphetamine.

Excess plasma phosphate stimulates the secretion of __________.

Human growth hormone (hGH) competes with anabolic steroids in the illicit market of illeged tissue-building performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) without FDA approval.

The conclusions of a scientific research study must not always logically follow from the research findings.

Five outcome strategies of functional food science include bioregulation, biodefense, and reduced muscle fatigue from overly strenuous physical activity.

True about caffeine.

The term functional food, beyond meeting three basic nutrition needs for survival, hunger satisfaction, and preventing adverse effects, comprise those foods and their bioactive components (e.g., olive oil, soy products, omega-3 fatty acids, phytochemicals) to promote five major outcome functions and disease risk reduction.

The ideal experiment to evaluate the performance-enhancing effects of an exogenous supplement requires that experimental and control subjects remain unaware or "unblinded" to the substance administered.

This term comprises those foods and their natural bioactive components for promoting optimal well-being, health, and body function and disease reduction.

Some so-called "experts" who write articles in popular strength, training, and fitness magazines also own the magazines-as continues to occur to promote and sell a particular line of equipment or promote a particular nutritional supplement they endorse.

Animal research had suggested that anabolic steroid treatment, when combined with exercise and adequate protein intake, stimulated protein synthesis and increased the subcellular architecture of muscle protein-myosin, myofibrils, and sarcoplasmic factors.

An amphetamine-like alkaloid compound, banned by the FDA, exhibits sympathomimetic physiologic effects:

Excessive hGH production following growth cessation produces the irreversible disorder __________.

DHEA and its sulfated ester, DHEAS, are relatively weak steroid hormones synthesized from triglyceride in the liver.