Question 1

According to Hegel​

Accepted Answer

A) history is a dialectical struggle of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, over and over again. 
B) historical change often is due to individuals who unconsciously are agents of the Absolute Spirit. 
C) history is the progression from potentiality to actuality. 
D) history reveals a rational process progressing toward a final destination.​ 
E) all of the above 
A) history is a dialectical struggle of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, over and over again. 
B) historical change often is due to individuals who unconsciously are agents of the Absolute Spirit. 
C) history is the progression from potentiality to actuality. 
D) history reveals a rational process progressing toward a final destination.​ 
E) all of the above

Question 2

The central principle in Jeremy Bentham's political philosophy was

Accepted Answer

A) God's teaching as set in Holy Scripture. 
B) the pragmatic use of tradition. 
C) the application of universal standards established by reason. 
D) the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 
E) majority rule. 
A) God's teaching as set in Holy Scripture. 
B) the pragmatic use of tradition. 
C) the application of universal standards established by reason. 
D) the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 
E) majority rule.

Question 3

Robert Owen believed that the best society would be one in which

Accepted Answer

A) business owners took care of their workers' need and provided them with decent work, decent housing, and decent education. 
B) the state was the chief employer to ensure economic justice. 
C) churches actually lived according to the Christian principles of love thy neighbor and serve God, not money. 
D) there was no distinction between worker and owner. 
E) a person had a choice of belonging to a harmonious paternalistic community or competing in a free market. 
A) business owners took care of their workers' need and provided them with decent work, decent housing, and decent education. 
B) the state was the chief employer to ensure economic justice. 
C) churches actually lived according to the Christian principles of love thy neighbor and serve God, not money. 
D) there was no distinction between worker and owner. 
E) a person had a choice of belonging to a harmonious paternalistic community or competing in a free market.

Question 4

William Wordsworth stated that it was not mathematics and logic that yielded the highest truth but

Accepted Answer

A) idealism. 
B) silence. 
C) phenomenology. 
D) poetry. 
E) the dialectic. 
A) idealism. 
B) silence. 
C) phenomenology. 
D) poetry. 
E) the dialectic.

Question 5

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question. Jeremy Bentham wrote that "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure . It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do." Explain the responses the following would have to Bentham's statement: Enlightenment philosophes, nineteenth-century liberals, socialists, and conservatives.

Accepted Answer

Enlightenment philosophes would likely a

Question 6

Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 Volksgeist

Accepted Answer

Volksgeist is a German term that transla

Question 7

Central to Hume's skepticism is the belief that

Accepted Answer

A) only with divine inspiration can the human mind know anything. 
B) since senses are flawed, they are not a legitimate source of knowledge. 
C) our sense experiences can never prove cause and effect; perceived causes and effect are only the result of habit. 
D) the pursuit of knowledge leads to pain and should be avoided. 
E) unless something is proven to be useful it is not true. 
A) only with divine inspiration can the human mind know anything. 
B) since senses are flawed, they are not a legitimate source of knowledge. 
C) our sense experiences can never prove cause and effect; perceived causes and effect are only the result of habit. 
D) the pursuit of knowledge leads to pain and should be avoided. 
E) unless something is proven to be useful it is not true.

Question 8

French liberal theorist Benjamin Constant warned against the danger of

Accepted Answer

A) absolute monarchy. 
B) constitutional monarchy. 
C) unlimited popular sovereignty. 
D) the political power of the Catholic Church. 
E) the state's application of Enlightenment reason. 
A) absolute monarchy. 
B) constitutional monarchy. 
C) unlimited popular sovereignty. 
D) the political power of the Catholic Church. 
E) the state's application of Enlightenment reason.

Question 9

Herder's concept of a Volksgeist or spirit of the people

Accepted Answer

A) was part of the Romantic Movement. 
B) held that each people was unique. 
C) prompted numerous investigations into societies living under foreign rule. 
D) held that a people's language, folk traditions, monuments, and literature expressed their unique genius. 
E) all of the above 
A) was part of the Romantic Movement. 
B) held that each people was unique. 
C) prompted numerous investigations into societies living under foreign rule. 
D) held that a people's language, folk traditions, monuments, and literature expressed their unique genius. 
E) all of the above

Question 10

Saint-Simon is associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) revolutionary socialism 
B) psychological socialism 
C) industrial socialism 
D) technocratic socialism 
E) none of the above 
A) revolutionary socialism 
B) psychological socialism 
C) industrial socialism 
D) technocratic socialism 
E) none of the above

Question 11

According to the text, the central premise of modern idealism is that

Accepted Answer

A) human consciousness builds the world and determines its form. 
B) a person will only do his best when he is inspired by high standards regardless of how realistic they may be. 
C) this world is only a shadow of a world of perfect eternal forms. 
D) only the intellect matters in the human experience. 
E) religion and modern culture are reconcilable on the level of general, self-evident ideas. 
A) human consciousness builds the world and determines its form. 
B) a person will only do his best when he is inspired by high standards regardless of how realistic they may be. 
C) this world is only a shadow of a world of perfect eternal forms. 
D) only the intellect matters in the human experience. 
E) religion and modern culture are reconcilable on the level of general, self-evident ideas.

Question 12

The text identifies the most important of the radical Young Hegelians as

Accepted Answer

A) de Bonald 
B) Fourier 
C) Marx 
D) John Stuart Mill 
E) de Tocqueville 
A) de Bonald 
B) Fourier 
C) Marx 
D) John Stuart Mill 
E) de Tocqueville

Question 13

Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 New Harmony

Accepted Answer

New Harmony was a utopian community esta

Question 14

The "iron law of wages" associated with Malthus and Ricardo held that

Accepted Answer

A) the natural price of labor was rising due to industrialization.​ 
B) if workers are paid more than subsistence wages, they will become more industrious. 
C) an increased population of workers no longer affected the price of labor because industry required an endless supply of workers. 
D) like all natural laws, the "iron law of wages" cannot be changed. 
E) all of the above 
A) the natural price of labor was rising due to industrialization.​ 
B) if workers are paid more than subsistence wages, they will become more industrious. 
C) an increased population of workers no longer affected the price of labor because industry required an endless supply of workers. 
D) like all natural laws, the "iron law of wages" cannot be changed. 
E) all of the above

Question 15

Who was referred to by de Maistre as one "into whose hands hell has given all its power"?

Accepted Answer

A) Rousseau 
B) Robespierre 
C) Voltaire 
D) Bayle 
E) Napoleon 
A) Rousseau 
B) Robespierre 
C) Voltaire 
D) Bayle 
E) Napoleon

Question 16

Liberalism in the nineteenth century embraced all the following economic and social ideas EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) Adam Smith's theory of laissez-faire economics: the free pursuit of self-interest and profit. 
B) the misery of the poor is due to their laziness, poor judgment, and vice. 
C) the "iron law of wages." 
D) the equality of all men means that all men are equally responsible for each other's well-being. 
E) state help for the poor is counterproductive. 
A) Adam Smith's theory of laissez-faire economics: the free pursuit of self-interest and profit. 
B) the misery of the poor is due to their laziness, poor judgment, and vice. 
C) the "iron law of wages." 
D) the equality of all men means that all men are equally responsible for each other's well-being. 
E) state help for the poor is counterproductive.

Question 17

The state and other authorities were viewed by liberals as major threats to human freedom. Therefore, liberals in the nineteenth century demanded

Accepted Answer

A) constitutions that would guarantee basic freedoms of speech, religion, press, property, and security. 
B) freely elected parliaments. 
C) division and balance of powers in the government. 
D) minimal governmental interference in the economy and in people's private lives. 
E) all of the above 
A) constitutions that would guarantee basic freedoms of speech, religion, press, property, and security. 
B) freely elected parliaments. 
C) division and balance of powers in the government. 
D) minimal governmental interference in the economy and in people's private lives. 
E) all of the above

Question 18

The text describes romanticism as a reaction against

Accepted Answer

A) scholastic philosophy. 
B) nationalism. 
C) Enlightenment rationalism. 
D) the cult of the Great Man in history. 
E) the Renaissance. 
A) scholastic philosophy. 
B) nationalism. 
C) Enlightenment rationalism. 
D) the cult of the Great Man in history. 
E) the Renaissance.

Question 19

Romanticism helped shape modern nationalism by

Accepted Answer

A) rediscovering folk traditions, legends, and songs. 
B) emphasizing the passions and irrational behavior that would eventually become part of modern nationalism. 
C) rediscovering native, sometimes nearly forgotten, languages. 
D) glorifying myth and the folk community. 
E) all of the above 
A) rediscovering folk traditions, legends, and songs. 
B) emphasizing the passions and irrational behavior that would eventually become part of modern nationalism. 
C) rediscovering native, sometimes nearly forgotten, languages. 
D) glorifying myth and the folk community. 
E) all of the above

Question 20

Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? 
 reactionaries

Accepted Answer

Reactionaries are individuals or groups

Exam 21: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century

According to Hegel​

The central principle in Jeremy Bentham's political philosophy was

Robert Owen believed that the best society would be one in which

William Wordsworth stated that it was not mathematics and logic that yielded the highest truth but

Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? Volksgeist

Central to Hume's skepticism is the belief that

French liberal theorist Benjamin Constant warned against the danger of

Herder's concept of a Volksgeist or spirit of the people

Saint-Simon is associated with which of the following?

According to the text, the central premise of modern idealism is that

The text identifies the most important of the radical Young Hegelians as

Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? New Harmony

The "iron law of wages" associated with Malthus and Ricardo held that

Who was referred to by de Maistre as one "into whose hands hell has given all its power"?

Liberalism in the nineteenth century embraced all the following economic and social ideas EXCEPT

The state and other authorities were viewed by liberals as major threats to human freedom. Therefore, liberals in the nineteenth century demanded

The text describes romanticism as a reaction against

Romanticism helped shape modern nationalism by

Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important? reactionaries

The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations

The Hebrews: a New View of God and the Individual

The Greek City-State Democratic Politics

Greek Thought From Myth to Reason

The Hellenistic Age Cultural Diffusion

The Roman Republic City-State to World Empire

The Roman Empire a World-State

Early Christianity a World Religion

The Heirs of Rome Byzantium Islam and Latin Christendom

The High Middle Ages Vitality and Enewal

The Flowering of Medieval Culture the Christian Synthesis

The Late Middle Ages Crisis and Dissolution

The Renaissance Transition to the Modern Age

The Reformation the Shattering of Christian Unity

European Expansion Economic and Social Transformations

The Rise of Sovereignty Transition to the Modern State

The Scientific Revolution the Universe Seen As a Mechanism

The Age of Enlightenment Reason and Reform

The French Revolution the Affirmation of Liberty and Equality

The Industrial Revolution the Great Transformation

Revolution and Counterrevolution 1815-1848

Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Realism and Social Criticism

The Surge of Nationalism From Liberal to Extreme Nationalism

The Industrial West Responses to Modernization

Imperialism Western Global Dominance

Modern Consciousness New Views of Nature Human Nature and the Arts

World War I the West in Despair

An Era of Totalitarianism

Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Totalitarianism

World War II Western Civilization in the Balance

Europe After World War II Recovery and Realignment 1945-1989

The Troubled Present

Filters

According to Hegel