Question 1

An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a(n) ___________ in the secretion of ADH and a(n) ____________ in thirst.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; decrease 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  decrease; increase 
A)  increase; increase 
B)  increase; decrease 
C)  decrease; decrease 
D)  decrease; increase

Question 2

The predominant extracellular anion is

Accepted Answer

A)  protein. 
B)  phosphate. 
C)  bicarbonate. 
D)  chloride. 
E)  sodium. 
A)  protein. 
B)  phosphate. 
C)  bicarbonate. 
D)  chloride. 
E)  sodium.

Question 3

Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH. 
B)  elevated potassium levels. 
C)  excess water intake. 
D)  elevated sodium levels. 
E)  low potassium levels. 
A)  ADH. 
B)  elevated potassium levels. 
C)  excess water intake. 
D)  elevated sodium levels. 
E)  low potassium levels.

Question 4

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma 
B)  interstitial compartment 
C)  intracellular compartment 
D)  extracellular compartment 
E)  lymph 
A)  plasma 
B)  interstitial compartment 
C)  intracellular compartment 
D)  extracellular compartment 
E)  lymph

Question 5

In renal compensation of acidosis,

Accepted Answer

A)  H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion increases. 
B)  H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases. 
C)  H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases. 
D)  H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate excretion increases. 
E)  H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion decreases. 
A)  H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion increases. 
B)  H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases. 
C)  H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases. 
D)  H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate excretion increases. 
E)  H+ secretion decreases; bicarbonate excretion decreases.

Question 6

The K+ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K+ levels will cause

Accepted Answer

A)  thirst. 
B)  muscle weakness. 
C)  increased body temperature. 
D)  tremors, tetany, and convulsions. 
E)  paralysis. 
A)  thirst. 
B)  muscle weakness. 
C)  increased body temperature. 
D)  tremors, tetany, and convulsions. 
E)  paralysis.

Question 7

Chloride ions

Accepted Answer

A)  are cations. 
B)  are found only inside cells. 
C)  are part of the DNA molecule. 
D)  are regulated with Na+. 
E)  are not found in extracellular fluid. 
A)  are cations. 
B)  are found only inside cells. 
C)  are part of the DNA molecule. 
D)  are regulated with Na+. 
E)  are not found in extracellular fluid.

Question 8

The main regulator of serum phosphate levels is a transport process in the

Accepted Answer

A)  liver. 
B)  kidneys. 
C)  pancreas. 
D)  small intestine. 
E)  large intestine. 
A)  liver. 
B)  kidneys. 
C)  pancreas. 
D)  small intestine. 
E)  large intestine.

Question 9

A decrease in plasma osmolality would increase

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH production. 
B)  plasma sodium levels. 
C)  renin production. 
D)  urine production. 
E)  thirst. 
A)  ADH production. 
B)  plasma sodium levels. 
C)  renin production. 
D)  urine production. 
E)  thirst.

Question 10

Calcium's roles in the body include

Accepted Answer

A)  bone health. 
B)  muscle contraction. 
C)  blood clotting. 
D)  action potentials in heart muscle. 
E)  All of these choices are correct. 
A)  bone health. 
B)  muscle contraction. 
C)  blood clotting. 
D)  action potentials in heart muscle. 
E)  All of these choices are correct.

Question 11

A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is

Accepted Answer

A)  blood pressure. 
B)  positive interstitial pressure. 
C)  blood colloid osmotic pressure. 
D)  critical closing pressure. 
E)  lymph pressure. 
A)  blood pressure. 
B)  positive interstitial pressure. 
C)  blood colloid osmotic pressure. 
D)  critical closing pressure. 
E)  lymph pressure.

Question 12

Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intracellular fluid 
B)  Extracellular fluid 
C)  Interstitial fluid 
D)  Blood plasma 
E)  Lymph 
A)  Intracellular fluid 
B)  Extracellular fluid 
C)  Interstitial fluid 
D)  Blood plasma 
E)  Lymph

Question 13

Water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  osmosis. 
B)  filtration. 
C)  facilitated diffusion. 
D)  active transport. 
E)  endocytosis. 
A)  osmosis. 
B)  filtration. 
C)  facilitated diffusion. 
D)  active transport. 
E)  endocytosis.

Question 14

The major route of excretion for sodium ions (under normal conditions) is the

Accepted Answer

A)  skin. 
B)  kidney. 
C)  GI tract. 
D)  adrenal cortex. 
E)  sweat. 
A)  skin. 
B)  kidney. 
C)  GI tract. 
D)  adrenal cortex. 
E)  sweat.

Question 15

An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) ____ in H+ ions and a(n) ____ in blood pH.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease, decrease 
B)  decrease, increase 
C)  increase, increase 
D)  increase, decrease 
E)  increase, no change 
A)  decrease, decrease 
B)  decrease, increase 
C)  increase, increase 
D)  increase, decrease 
E)  increase, no change

Question 16

Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating

Accepted Answer

A)  thirst. 
B)  vasodilatation. 
C)  water movement into the cells. 
D)  renal excretion of sodium. 
E)  ADH production. 
A)  thirst. 
B)  vasodilatation. 
C)  water movement into the cells. 
D)  renal excretion of sodium. 
E)  ADH production.

Question 17

Which of the following individuals would have the largest percentage of their bodyweight as water?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 7-month-old female 
B)  a lean 35-year-old male athlete 
C)  a chunky 52-year-old male athlete 
D)  a healthy 88-year-old male 
E)  an adult female marathon runner 
A)  a 7-month-old female 
B)  a lean 35-year-old male athlete 
C)  a chunky 52-year-old male athlete 
D)  a healthy 88-year-old male 
E)  an adult female marathon runner

Question 18

You've been working outside in the hot sun and are dripping wet with sweat. Your fluid intake has been minimal as you have been too busy to stop and get a drink. You would expect

Accepted Answer

A)  your blood osmolality to be low. 
B)  an increase in the production of urine. 
C)  aldosterone levels to decrease. 
D)  ADH levels to increase. 
E)  ADH levels to decrease. 
A)  your blood osmolality to be low. 
B)  an increase in the production of urine. 
C)  aldosterone levels to decrease. 
D)  ADH levels to increase. 
E)  ADH levels to decrease.

Question 19

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called __________ and is important in ____________ control.

Accepted Answer

A)  insensible perspiration; blood volume 
B)  insensible perspiration; heat loss 
C)  sensible perspiration; blood volume 
D)  sensible perspiration; temperature 
A)  insensible perspiration; blood volume 
B)  insensible perspiration; heat loss 
C)  sensible perspiration; blood volume 
D)  sensible perspiration; temperature

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  bicarbonate buffer system 
B)  phosphate buffer system 
C)  protein buffer system 
D)  NaCl buffer system 
E)  hemoglobin buffer 
A)  bicarbonate buffer system 
B)  phosphate buffer system 
C)  protein buffer system 
D)  NaCl buffer system 
E)  hemoglobin buffer

Exam 27: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Based Balance

An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a(n) ___________ in the secretion of ADH and a(n) ____________ in thirst.

The predominant extracellular anion is

Aldosterone secretion may be stimulated by

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water?

In renal compensation of acidosis,

The K+ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K+ levels will cause

Chloride ions

The main regulator of serum phosphate levels is a transport process in the

A decrease in plasma osmolality would increase

Calcium's roles in the body include

A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is

Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment?

Water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of

The major route of excretion for sodium ions (under normal conditions) is the

An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) ____ in H+ ions and a(n) ____ in blood pH.

Angiotensin II increases blood volume by stimulating

Which of the following individuals would have the largest percentage of their bodyweight as water?

You've been working outside in the hot sun and are dripping wet with sweat. Your fluid intake has been minimal as you have been too busy to stop and get a drink. You would expect

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called __________ and is important in ____________ control.

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body?

The Human Organism

The Chemical Basis of Life

Cell Biology

Tissues

Integumentary System

Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy

Joints and Movement

Muscular System: Histology and Physiology

Muscular System: Gross Anatomy

Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Integration of Nervous System Functions

The Special Senses

Autonomic Nervous System

Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Cardiovascular System: Blood

Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

Filters

An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a(n) _ in the secretion of ADH and a(n) __ in thirst.

The K⁺ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K⁺ levels will cause

An increase in blood CO₂ levels is followed by a(n) in H⁺ ions and a(n) in blood pH.

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called and is important in __ control.