Question 1

The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments is

Accepted Answer

A)  potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular. 
B)  sodium mainly intracellular; potassium mainly in extracellular. 
C)  little of either intracellular but large amounts of both extracellular. 
D)  equal amounts of both ions, in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. 
E)  None of these choices is correct. 
A)  potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular. 
B)  sodium mainly intracellular; potassium mainly in extracellular. 
C)  little of either intracellular but large amounts of both extracellular. 
D)  equal amounts of both ions, in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. 
E)  None of these choices is correct.

Question 2

What cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma membrane 
B)  Cell wall 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Ribosomes 
E)  Nucleus 
A)  Plasma membrane 
B)  Cell wall 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Ribosomes 
E)  Nucleus

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus 
B)  arterial baroreceptors 
C)  juxtaglomerular apparatus 
D)  mouth mucosa 
A)  osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus 
B)  arterial baroreceptors 
C)  juxtaglomerular apparatus 
D)  mouth mucosa

Question 4

Which of the following terms does not belong with the other three?

Accepted Answer

A)  acidosis 
B)  pH increases 
C)  H+ ion concentration increases 
D)  carbonic acid levels increase 
E)  pH decreases 
A)  acidosis 
B)  pH increases 
C)  H+ ion concentration increases 
D)  carbonic acid levels increase 
E)  pH decreases

Question 5

In which of the following situations does one see large volumes of dilute urine produced?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH levels decrease 
B)  renin levels increase 
C)  aldosterone levels increase 
D)  parathyroid hormone levels decrease 
E)  ADH levels increase 
A)  ADH levels decrease 
B)  renin levels increase 
C)  aldosterone levels increase 
D)  parathyroid hormone levels decrease 
E)  ADH levels increase

Question 6

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  asphyxia. 
B)  asthma. 
C)  severe emphysema. 
D)  hyperventilation. 
E)  hypoventilation. 
A)  asphyxia. 
B)  asthma. 
C)  severe emphysema. 
D)  hyperventilation. 
E)  hypoventilation.

Question 7

Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting?

Accepted Answer

A)  3-year-old male 
B)  15-year-old male 
C)  35-year-old male 
D)  35-year-old female 
E)  50-year-old male 
A)  3-year-old male 
B)  15-year-old male 
C)  35-year-old male 
D)  35-year-old female 
E)  50-year-old male

Question 8

Serum electrolyte concentrations are most often expressed as

Accepted Answer

A)  mg %. 
B)  mmHg. 
C)  mg/dl. 
D)  mEq/L. 
E)  None of these choices is correct. 
A)  mg %. 
B)  mmHg. 
C)  mg/dl. 
D)  mEq/L. 
E)  None of these choices is correct.

Question 9

When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, which of the following will result?

Accepted Answer

A)  acidosis 
B)  alkalosis 
C)  neither of these 
A)  acidosis 
B)  alkalosis 
C)  neither of these

Question 10

The composition of extracellular fluid has little affect on intracellular fluid amounts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause

Accepted Answer

A)  water to move out of the cells. 
B)  water to move into the cells. 
C)  no change in the net movement of water into or out of the cells. 
A)  water to move out of the cells. 
B)  water to move into the cells. 
C)  no change in the net movement of water into or out of the cells.

Question 12

The predominant intracellular cation is

Accepted Answer

A)  potassium. 
B)  sodium. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  magnesium. 
E)  chloride. 
A)  potassium. 
B)  sodium. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  magnesium. 
E)  chloride.

Question 13

When blood pH decreases, which of the following occurs to correct the imbalance?

Accepted Answer

A)  The respiratory center increases the breathing rate. 
B)  The respiratory center decreases the breathing rate. 
C)  Less carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs. 
D)  More carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs. 
E)  The carbonic acid/bicarbonate equation is driven to the right. 
A)  The respiratory center increases the breathing rate. 
B)  The respiratory center decreases the breathing rate. 
C)  Less carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs. 
D)  More carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs. 
E)  The carbonic acid/bicarbonate equation is driven to the right.

Question 14

Edema can occur when there is

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in the amount of plasma proteins. 
B)  a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins. 
C)  a decrease in blood pressure. 
D)  a blockage of the lymphatics. 
E)  an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure. 
A)  an increase in the amount of plasma proteins. 
B)  a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins. 
C)  a decrease in blood pressure. 
D)  a blockage of the lymphatics. 
E)  an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 15

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

Accepted Answer

A)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion. 
B)  elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion. 
C)  the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased. 
D)  aldosterone levels increase. 
E)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion. 
A)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion. 
B)  elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion. 
C)  the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased. 
D)  aldosterone levels increase. 
E)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion.

Question 16

Chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called

Accepted Answer

A)  buffers. 
B)  inhibitors. 
C)  accelerators. 
D)  activators. 
E)  stabilizers. 
A)  buffers. 
B)  inhibitors. 
C)  accelerators. 
D)  activators. 
E)  stabilizers.

Question 17

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

A)  alkalosis - hypokalemia 
B)  cell destruction - hypokalemia 
C)  increased secretion of aldosterone - hyperkalemia 
D)  overuse of diuretics - hyperkalemia 
E)  acidosis - hypokalemia 
A)  alkalosis - hypokalemia 
B)  cell destruction - hypokalemia 
C)  increased secretion of aldosterone - hyperkalemia 
D)  overuse of diuretics - hyperkalemia 
E)  acidosis - hypokalemia

Question 18

As the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of sodium lost in the urine

Accepted Answer

A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  remains the same. 
A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  remains the same.

Question 19

Sodium homeostasis leads to the homeostasis of ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  chloride 
B)  hydrogen 
C)  calcium 
D)  potassium 
E)  magnesium 
A)  chloride 
B)  hydrogen 
C)  calcium 
D)  potassium 
E)  magnesium

Question 20

Decreased extracellular potassium levels cause

Accepted Answer

A)  cells to become more excitable. 
B)  hyperpolarization of cell membranes. 
C)  more action potentials to be generated. 
D)  increased permeability of cell membranes. 
E)  hypopolarization of cell membranes. 
A)  cells to become more excitable. 
B)  hyperpolarization of cell membranes. 
C)  more action potentials to be generated. 
D)  increased permeability of cell membranes. 
E)  hypopolarization of cell membranes.

Exam 27: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Based Balance

The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments is

What cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid?

Which of the following is NOT a principle sensor for thirst regulation?

Which of the following terms does not belong with the other three?

In which of the following situations does one see large volumes of dilute urine produced?

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of

Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting?

Serum electrolyte concentrations are most often expressed as

When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, which of the following will result?

The composition of extracellular fluid has little affect on intracellular fluid amounts.

The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause

The predominant intracellular cation is

When blood pH decreases, which of the following occurs to correct the imbalance?

Edema can occur when there is

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

Chemicals that function to minimize changes in the pH of body fluids are called

Which of the following is correctly matched?

As the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of sodium lost in the urine

Sodium homeostasis leads to the homeostasis of ________________.

Decreased extracellular potassium levels cause

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