Question 1

Trichomoniasis is caused by a

Accepted Answer

A)  fungus. 
B)  protozoan. 
C)  virus. 
D)  bacteria. 
E)  yeast. 
A)  fungus. 
B)  protozoan. 
C)  virus. 
D)  bacteria. 
E)  yeast.

Question 2

The usual cause of genital herpes is

Accepted Answer

A)  herpes simplex virus type 1. 
B)  herpes simplex virus type 2. 
C)  herpes simplex virus type 3. 
D)  genital simplex virus type 1. 
E)  genital simplex virus type 2. 
A)  herpes simplex virus type 1. 
B)  herpes simplex virus type 2. 
C)  herpes simplex virus type 3. 
D)  genital simplex virus type 1. 
E)  genital simplex virus type 2.

Question 3

You go for your regular Pap test and are informed by your OBGYN that you are positive for HPV16. You are surprised because you have not noticed any signs or symptoms of infection. Your doctor explains that sexually transmitted HPV strains are among the most common of the STI agents, and that while some HPV strains cause warty growths of the external and internal genitalia, other strains cause non-warty lesions of mucosal surfaces such as the uterine cervix. These strains are of concern because they are a major factor in the development of cervical cancer. You ask your doctor a number of questions regarding HPV and HPV infection.
-Only females should receive the 9vHPV vaccine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Former president Ronald Reagan once commented at a press conference that the best way to combat the spread of AIDS in the US was to prohibit everyone from having sexual contact for 5 years. What would be the success of such a program if it were possible to carry out?

Accepted Answer

A)  It would "cure" the population of HIV/AIDS. Everyone that had it would become noninfectious through medication, and no new cases would occur, since sexual contact is the only mode of transmission for this virus. 
B)  It would be a failure. This "program" wouldn't eliminate IV drug use or transmission of HIV from mother to child. Sexual transmission isn't the ONLY mode of transmission for this virus. 
C)  It would be a failure. Many HIV positive individuals survive for longer than 5 years, even without treatment. Once sexual contact resumed, sexual transmission would also resume. 
D)  It would be a failure. This "program" wouldn't eliminate IV drug use or transmission of HIV from mother to child. Sexual transmission isn't the ONLY mode of transmission for this virus, AND many HIV positive individuals survive for longer than 5 years, even without treatment. Once sexual contact resumed, sexual transmission would also resume. 
E)  It would be a success. If no one had sex for five years, the virus would have nowhere to go and would die out. HIV only exists in a person for approximately this amount of time. 
A)  It would "cure" the population of HIV/AIDS. Everyone that had it would become noninfectious through medication, and no new cases would occur, since sexual contact is the only mode of transmission for this virus. 
B)  It would be a failure. This "program" wouldn't eliminate IV drug use or transmission of HIV from mother to child. Sexual transmission isn't the ONLY mode of transmission for this virus. 
C)  It would be a failure. Many HIV positive individuals survive for longer than 5 years, even without treatment. Once sexual contact resumed, sexual transmission would also resume. 
D)  It would be a failure. This "program" wouldn't eliminate IV drug use or transmission of HIV from mother to child. Sexual transmission isn't the ONLY mode of transmission for this virus, AND many HIV positive individuals survive for longer than 5 years, even without treatment. Once sexual contact resumed, sexual transmission would also resume. 
E)  It would be a success. If no one had sex for five years, the virus would have nowhere to go and would die out. HIV only exists in a person for approximately this amount of time.

Question 5

Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging cause of genital tract infections in men and women worldwide. The organism was discovered and identified only in the early 1980s. Rising incidence and increasing resistance to antimicrobial medications are problematic. You are asked by your nursing professor to prepare a short presentation on this emerging disease. The questions that follow are those that you anticipate that being asked by your classmates.
-Mycoplasma genitalium infections frequently go undiagnosed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  there are no widely available FDA-approved diagnostic tests for M. genitalium infections. 
B)  infections are often asymptomatic in both males and females. 
C)  if signs and symptoms do occur, they resemble those of gonorrhea or chlamydia. 
D)  NAAT tests that are commonly used for clinical diagnosis often give False positive results. 
E)  All of the answer choices are True. 
A)  there are no widely available FDA-approved diagnostic tests for M. genitalium infections. 
B)  infections are often asymptomatic in both males and females. 
C)  if signs and symptoms do occur, they resemble those of gonorrhea or chlamydia. 
D)  NAAT tests that are commonly used for clinical diagnosis often give False positive results. 
E)  All of the answer choices are True.

Question 6

Gonococci selectively attach to certain epithelial cells by

Accepted Answer

A)  pili. 
B)  flagella. 
C)  cilia. 
D)  actin bridges. 
E)  flagella AND cilia. 
A)  pili. 
B)  flagella. 
C)  cilia. 
D)  actin bridges. 
E)  flagella AND cilia.

Question 7

Treponema pallidum is similar in shape to

Accepted Answer

A)  Escherichia coli. 
B)  Staphylococcus aureus. 
C)  Leptospira interrogans. 
D)  herpes virus. 
E)  Mycoplasma genitalium. 
A)  Escherichia coli. 
B)  Staphylococcus aureus. 
C)  Leptospira interrogans. 
D)  herpes virus. 
E)  Mycoplasma genitalium.

Question 8

During which stage of pregnancy can Treponema pallidum cross the placenta and possibly infect the fetus?

Accepted Answer

A)  First trimester. 
B)  Second trimester. 
C)  Third trimester. 
D)  Never. 
E)  At any stage. 
A)  First trimester. 
B)  Second trimester. 
C)  Third trimester. 
D)  Never. 
E)  At any stage.

Question 9

Which statement about bacterial vaginosis is False?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women voluntarily inoculated with cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis, and members of the genera Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus do not always develop BV. 
B)  Low numbers of G. vaginalis, and members of the genera Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus can occur in vaginal secretions of healthy women. 
C)  Women with BV can be diagnosed by the presence of clue cells and a fishy vaginal odor caused by metabolic byproducts of anaerobic bacteria. 
D)  BV in pregnant women should be treated because it  may cause premature birth. 
E)  The causative agent of the disease is Gardnerella vaginalis that interacts antagonistically with members of the genera Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus. 
A)  Women voluntarily inoculated with cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis, and members of the genera Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus do not always develop BV. 
B)  Low numbers of G. vaginalis, and members of the genera Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus can occur in vaginal secretions of healthy women. 
C)  Women with BV can be diagnosed by the presence of clue cells and a fishy vaginal odor caused by metabolic byproducts of anaerobic bacteria. 
D)  BV in pregnant women should be treated because it  may cause premature birth. 
E)  The causative agent of the disease is Gardnerella vaginalis that interacts antagonistically with members of the genera Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and Peptostreptococcus.

Question 10

Women are more likely than men to get urinary tract infections due to their anatomy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In which disease is a gumma formed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Primary syphilis 
B)  Secondary gonorrhea 
C)  Cutaneous diphtheria 
D)  M. genitalium infection 
E)  Tertiary syphilis 
A)  Primary syphilis 
B)  Secondary gonorrhea 
C)  Cutaneous diphtheria 
D)  M. genitalium infection 
E)  Tertiary syphilis

Question 12

The disease that results from Chlamydia trachomatis ascending into the fallopian tubes is

Accepted Answer

A)  conjunctivitis. 
B)  neonatorum ophthalmia. 
C)  pelvic inflammatory disease. 
D)  trachoma. 
E)  ectopic disease. 
A)  conjunctivitis. 
B)  neonatorum ophthalmia. 
C)  pelvic inflammatory disease. 
D)  trachoma. 
E)  ectopic disease.

Question 13

Human papillomavirus is

Accepted Answer

A)  a small, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. 
B)  a small, non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. 
C)  a large, enveloped double-stranded RNA virus. 
D)  a small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus. 
E)  a small, non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus. 
A)  a small, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. 
B)  a small, non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. 
C)  a large, enveloped double-stranded RNA virus. 
D)  a small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus. 
E)  a small, non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus.

Question 14

Among the major causes of vulvovaginal candidiasis is/are

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual promiscuity AND intense antibacterial treatment. 
B)  intense antibacterial treatment AND disruption of normal microbiota. 
C)  disruption of normal microbiota AND advanced age. 
D)  the use of oral contraceptives, advanced age, AND disruption of normal microbiota. 
E)  intense antibacterial treatment, disruption of normal microbiota, AND the use of oral contraceptives. 
A)  sexual promiscuity AND intense antibacterial treatment. 
B)  intense antibacterial treatment AND disruption of normal microbiota. 
C)  disruption of normal microbiota AND advanced age. 
D)  the use of oral contraceptives, advanced age, AND disruption of normal microbiota. 
E)  intense antibacterial treatment, disruption of normal microbiota, AND the use of oral contraceptives.

Question 15

Why should scarring of a fallopian tube raise the risks of an ectopic pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Scarring may slow the progression of the ovum (egg) from the fallopian tubes into the uterus. If it is fertilized by a sperm cell while it is stopped in the fallopian tube, it may implant there, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy. 
B)  Scarring can completely block the ovum (egg) from being able to exit the fallopian tube to enter the uterus. It may implant in the wall of the fallopian tube (since it can't enter the uterus) and result in an ectopic pregnancy. 
C)  Scarring may allow the sperm cells to enter the fallopian tubes and bind to the scar tissue. The inflammatory response generated when this occurs is termed an ectopic pregnancy. 
D)  Scarring of the fallopian tubes results from undiagnosed bacterial infections. These bacteria can also make the lining of the uterus inhospitable to implantation of a fertilized egg. If the fertilized egg can't implant, it may travel back into the fallopian tube and implant there instead, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy. 
E)  Scarring and inflammation make the ovum (egg) more susceptible to bacterial invasion. If the ovum becomes infected, in can no longer progress down the fallopian tube, and instead it implants where ever it is when the infection occurs, causing ectopic pregnancy. 
A)  Scarring may slow the progression of the ovum (egg) from the fallopian tubes into the uterus. If it is fertilized by a sperm cell while it is stopped in the fallopian tube, it may implant there, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy. 
B)  Scarring can completely block the ovum (egg) from being able to exit the fallopian tube to enter the uterus. It may implant in the wall of the fallopian tube (since it can't enter the uterus) and result in an ectopic pregnancy. 
C)  Scarring may allow the sperm cells to enter the fallopian tubes and bind to the scar tissue. The inflammatory response generated when this occurs is termed an ectopic pregnancy. 
D)  Scarring of the fallopian tubes results from undiagnosed bacterial infections. These bacteria can also make the lining of the uterus inhospitable to implantation of a fertilized egg. If the fertilized egg can't implant, it may travel back into the fallopian tube and implant there instead, resulting in an ectopic pregnancy. 
E)  Scarring and inflammation make the ovum (egg) more susceptible to bacterial invasion. If the ovum becomes infected, in can no longer progress down the fallopian tube, and instead it implants where ever it is when the infection occurs, causing ectopic pregnancy.

Question 16

Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging cause of genital tract infections in men and women worldwide. The organism was discovered and identified only in the early 1980s. Rising incidence and increasing resistance to antimicrobial medications are problematic. You are asked by your nursing professor to prepare a short presentation on this emerging disease. The questions that follow are those that you anticipate that being asked by your classmates.
-Suspected M. genitalium infections are treated with antibiotics such as macrolides. Why are these infections "suspected" and why are they treated with macrolide antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

A)  The signs and symptoms of M. genitalium infections are unique and diagnosis can thus be based on them AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as protein synthesis. 
B)  Signs and symptoms of M. genitalium infections resemble those of other STIs, confusing the diagnosis of this disease AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to protein synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as DNA replication. 
C)  The signs and symptoms of M. genitalium infections are unique and diagnosis can thus be based on them AND mycoplasmas are viruses, so there are very limited choices in the available medications used for treating these infections. 
D)  A person with M. genitalium never has signs and symptoms, so infection is suspected if they have other STIs AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as protein synthesis. 
E)  There are no approved diagnostic tools for M. genitalium infections, so it is not possible to easily confirm the diagnosis AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as protein synthesis. 
A)  The signs and symptoms of M. genitalium infections are unique and diagnosis can thus be based on them AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as protein synthesis. 
B)  Signs and symptoms of M. genitalium infections resemble those of other STIs, confusing the diagnosis of this disease AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to protein synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as DNA replication. 
C)  The signs and symptoms of M. genitalium infections are unique and diagnosis can thus be based on them AND mycoplasmas are viruses, so there are very limited choices in the available medications used for treating these infections. 
D)  A person with M. genitalium never has signs and symptoms, so infection is suspected if they have other STIs AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as protein synthesis. 
E)  There are no approved diagnostic tools for M. genitalium infections, so it is not possible to easily confirm the diagnosis AND mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors so are treated with antibiotics that target other cellular activities such as protein synthesis.

Question 17

During which stage of syphilis is the patient non-infectious?

Accepted Answer

A)  First 
B)  Second 
C)  Third 
D)  Early latent 
E)  A person with syphilis is always infectious. 
A)  First 
B)  Second 
C)  Third 
D)  Early latent 
E)  A person with syphilis is always infectious.

Question 18

Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis are at risk of

Accepted Answer

A)  having a premature baby. 
B)  placental insufficiency. 
C)  being unable to nurse. 
D)  being unable to deliver vaginally. 
E)  viral meningitis. 
A)  having a premature baby. 
B)  placental insufficiency. 
C)  being unable to nurse. 
D)  being unable to deliver vaginally. 
E)  viral meningitis.

Question 19

Treatment of HIV attempts to do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  block attachment to host cells. 
B)  block reverse transcriptase activity. 
C)  block viral polymerase. 
D)  block viral integrase. 
E)  block viral protease activity. 
A)  block attachment to host cells. 
B)  block reverse transcriptase activity. 
C)  block viral polymerase. 
D)  block viral integrase. 
E)  block viral protease activity.

Question 20

Why do patients with leptospirosis sometimes undergo unnecessary surgery?

Accepted Answer

A)  The person may develop abscesses throughout the body that need surgical draining. 
B)  Blood vessels are damaged, causing clotting and impaired blood flow in tissues that are resolved by surgery. 
C)  Multiplication of the causative organism in the kidneys leads to the need for kidney surgery. 
D)  Infected people may experience pain that can be mistaken for a symptom of appendicitis or gallbladder infection. 
E)  The immune system causes tissue damage while destroying the causative organism; this is repaired by surgery. 
A)  The person may develop abscesses throughout the body that need surgical draining. 
B)  Blood vessels are damaged, causing clotting and impaired blood flow in tissues that are resolved by surgery. 
C)  Multiplication of the causative organism in the kidneys leads to the need for kidney surgery. 
D)  Infected people may experience pain that can be mistaken for a symptom of appendicitis or gallbladder infection. 
E)  The immune system causes tissue damage while destroying the causative organism; this is repaired by surgery.

Exam 27: Genitourinary Tract Infections

Trichomoniasis is caused by a

The usual cause of genital herpes is

Former president Ronald Reagan once commented at a press conference that the best way to combat the spread of AIDS in the US was to prohibit everyone from having sexual contact for 5 years. What would be the success of such a program if it were possible to carry out?

Gonococci selectively attach to certain epithelial cells by

Treponema pallidum is similar in shape to

During which stage of pregnancy can Treponema pallidum cross the placenta and possibly infect the fetus?

Which statement about bacterial vaginosis is False?

Women are more likely than men to get urinary tract infections due to their anatomy.

In which disease is a gumma formed?

The disease that results from Chlamydia trachomatis ascending into the fallopian tubes is

Human papillomavirus is

Among the major causes of vulvovaginal candidiasis is/are

Why should scarring of a fallopian tube raise the risks of an ectopic pregnancy?

During which stage of syphilis is the patient non-infectious?

Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis are at risk of

Treatment of HIV attempts to do all of the following EXCEPT

Why do patients with leptospirosis sometimes undergo unnecessary surgery?

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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