Question 1

An IgG molecule has two

Accepted Answer

A)  heavy chains, light chains, AND antibody binding sites. 
B)  heavy chains, light chains, AND antigen binding sites. 
C)  light chains, antigen binding sites, AND antibody binding sites. 
D)  antibody binding sites AND antigen binding sites. 
E)  Fc regions AND one Fab region. 
A)  heavy chains, light chains, AND antibody binding sites. 
B)  heavy chains, light chains, AND antigen binding sites. 
C)  light chains, antigen binding sites, AND antibody binding sites. 
D)  antibody binding sites AND antigen binding sites. 
E)  Fc regions AND one Fab region. B

Question 2

The immune response is directed against an entire molecule.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

Secondary lymphoid organs

Accepted Answer

A)  facilitate interactions between cells. 
B)  are hematopoietic. 
C)  are the site of T cell maturation. 
D)  include the bone marrow and thymus. 
E)  are the site of B cell maturation. 
A)  facilitate interactions between cells. 
B)  are hematopoietic. 
C)  are the site of T cell maturation. 
D)  include the bone marrow and thymus. 
E)  are the site of B cell maturation. A

Question 4

Antibodies are made by

Accepted Answer

A)  red blood cells. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  B cells/plasma cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  all leukocytes. 
A)  red blood cells. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  B cells/plasma cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  all leukocytes.

Question 5

A term synonymous with antibody is

Accepted Answer

A)  antigen. 
B)  immunoglobulin. 
C)  epitope. 
D)  determinant. 
E)  immunotope. 
A)  antigen. 
B)  immunoglobulin. 
C)  epitope. 
D)  determinant. 
E)  immunotope.

Question 6

T-independent antigens

Accepted Answer

A)  include polysaccharides. 
B)  require the involvement of T cells. 
C)  interact with MHCI molecules. 
D)  are usually proteins. 
E)  include polysaccharides AND require the involvement of T cells. 
A)  include polysaccharides. 
B)  require the involvement of T cells. 
C)  interact with MHCI molecules. 
D)  are usually proteins. 
E)  include polysaccharides AND require the involvement of T cells.

Question 7

What would be an appropriate response if an antigen is presented on MHC class II molecules?

Accepted Answer

A)  An effector CD4 cell activates the presenting cell. 
B)  An effector CD8 cell activates the presenting cell. 
C)  An effector CD4 cell kills the presenting cell. 
D)  An effector CD8 cell kills the presenting cell. 
E)  An effector CD8 cell activates a naive CD4 cell. 
A)  An effector CD4 cell activates the presenting cell. 
B)  An effector CD8 cell activates the presenting cell. 
C)  An effector CD4 cell kills the presenting cell. 
D)  An effector CD8 cell kills the presenting cell. 
E)  An effector CD8 cell activates a naive CD4 cell.

Question 8

Your friend Ellie is pregnant. She tells you that her mother, a microbiologist, has warned her not to clean out the cat's litter box while she is pregnant in case she contracts a disease called toxoplasmosis, which can affect her fetus. She says her mom told her toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, that may be found in the feces of infected cats and also in raw meat. Your friend's mom tells her that when a person has not had a particular disease, they are not immune to the pathogen that causes the disease, and lack antibodies against that microbe. Your friend has never had toxoplasmosis but she doesn't quite understand why this, and the fact that she doesn't have antibodies to T. gondii, is important. You help her understand some facts about her adaptive immune system.
-Ellie doesn't understand why it is important as to whether a woman has a first or subsequent exposure to a pathogen such as T. gondii when she is pregnant. You explain to her the difference between a primary and a secondary immune response. Which of the following would you NOT say to her?

Accepted Answer

A)  When memory B cells become activated, some quickly differentiate to form plasma cells, resulting in the rapid production of antibodies. IgG crosses the placenta and protects the fetus. 
B)  In the first (primary) exposure to an antigen, it takes about 10 to 14 days for a significant concentration of antibodies to accumulate. IgM is made, followed by IgG. 
C)  The second exposure to an antigen, which characterizes the memory of adaptive immunity, causes rapid production of relatively large quantities of IgM but no IgG. 
D)  If the same antigen is encountered later in life, a stronger antigen-specific adaptive immune response occurs, called the secondary response. Large amounts of IgG are made. 
E)  The first adaptive immune response to an antigen is the primary response; effector cells and memory cells are formed as a result of this initial encounter. 
A)  When memory B cells become activated, some quickly differentiate to form plasma cells, resulting in the rapid production of antibodies. IgG crosses the placenta and protects the fetus. 
B)  In the first (primary) exposure to an antigen, it takes about 10 to 14 days for a significant concentration of antibodies to accumulate. IgM is made, followed by IgG. 
C)  The second exposure to an antigen, which characterizes the memory of adaptive immunity, causes rapid production of relatively large quantities of IgM but no IgG. 
D)  If the same antigen is encountered later in life, a stronger antigen-specific adaptive immune response occurs, called the secondary response. Large amounts of IgG are made. 
E)  The first adaptive immune response to an antigen is the primary response; effector cells and memory cells are formed as a result of this initial encounter.

Question 9

You explain to your patient the role of the lymphocytes in her adaptive immune response. In the middle of your explanation, you are distracted and you tell her something that is NOT correct. Identify that statement.

Accepted Answer

A)  After activation, T lymphocytes divide and proliferate to form a population of helper T cells and a population of cytotoxic T cells; activated T cells secrete cytokines that exert an effect on other cells. 
B)  After activation, B lymphocytes divide and proliferate to form a population of plasma cells and a population of memory cells; plasma cells produce antibodies that tag microbial invaders for elimination by phagocytes. 
C)  Once activated, helper T cells form a population of TH effector cells and a population of TH memory cells; TH effector cells produce cytokines that activate B cells and macrophages. 
D)  Once activated, cytotoxic T cells form a population of TC effector cells and a population of TC memory cells; TC effector cells produce cytokines that induce apoptosis in virally infected self cells. 
E)  Effector B cells and T cells express traits that help eliminate invaders in a primary response. Memory B cells and T cells are responsible for the effectiveness of the secondary response. 
A)  After activation, T lymphocytes divide and proliferate to form a population of helper T cells and a population of cytotoxic T cells; activated T cells secrete cytokines that exert an effect on other cells. 
B)  After activation, B lymphocytes divide and proliferate to form a population of plasma cells and a population of memory cells; plasma cells produce antibodies that tag microbial invaders for elimination by phagocytes. 
C)  Once activated, helper T cells form a population of TH effector cells and a population of TH memory cells; TH effector cells produce cytokines that activate B cells and macrophages. 
D)  Once activated, cytotoxic T cells form a population of TC effector cells and a population of TC memory cells; TC effector cells produce cytokines that induce apoptosis in virally infected self cells. 
E)  Effector B cells and T cells express traits that help eliminate invaders in a primary response. Memory B cells and T cells are responsible for the effectiveness of the secondary response.

Question 10

T cell receptors are identical to antibodies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following contribute to antibody diversity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gene rearrangement AND imprecise joining 
B)  Imprecise joining AND combinatorial associations 
C)  Imprecise joining AND negative selection 
D)  Gene rearrangement, imprecise joining AND combinatorial associations 
E)  Positive selection, negative selection AND gene rearrangement 
A)  Gene rearrangement AND imprecise joining 
B)  Imprecise joining AND combinatorial associations 
C)  Imprecise joining AND negative selection 
D)  Gene rearrangement, imprecise joining AND combinatorial associations 
E)  Positive selection, negative selection AND gene rearrangement

Question 12

The function of the secretory component of the IgA molecule is

Accepted Answer

A)  to protect IgA from being destroyed by proteolytic enzymes. 
B)  to coat the antigen. 
C)  to facilitate opsonization. 
D)  to protect breast-fed infants against intestinal pathogens. 
E)  to protect IgA from being destroyed by lipases. 
A)  to protect IgA from being destroyed by proteolytic enzymes. 
B)  to coat the antigen. 
C)  to facilitate opsonization. 
D)  to protect breast-fed infants against intestinal pathogens. 
E)  to protect IgA from being destroyed by lipases.

Question 13

The cells that actually secrete antibodies are

Accepted Answer

A)  natural killer cells. 
B)  phagocytes. 
C)  plasma cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  naive B cells. 
A)  natural killer cells. 
B)  phagocytes. 
C)  plasma cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  naive B cells.

Question 14

Which of the following do not induce a strong immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lipids 
B)  Proteins 
C)  Polysaccharides 
D)  Simple sugars 
E)  Lipids AND simple sugars. 
A)  Lipids 
B)  Proteins 
C)  Polysaccharides 
D)  Simple sugars 
E)  Lipids AND simple sugars.

Question 15

Which of the following is/are secondary lymphoid organ(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thymus AND spleen 
B)  Spleen AND lymph nodes 
C)  Lymph nodes AND bone marrow 
D)  Spleen AND bone marrow 
E)  Thymus AND bone marrow 
A)  Thymus AND spleen 
B)  Spleen AND lymph nodes 
C)  Lymph nodes AND bone marrow 
D)  Spleen AND bone marrow 
E)  Thymus AND bone marrow

Question 16

The characteristic function and properties of each class of antibody is determined by the

Accepted Answer

A)  variable region on the light chains. 
B)  hinge region of all chains. 
C)  constant region on the light chains. 
D)  constant region on the heavy chains. 
E)  variable region on the heavy chains. 
A)  variable region on the light chains. 
B)  hinge region of all chains. 
C)  constant region on the light chains. 
D)  constant region on the heavy chains. 
E)  variable region on the heavy chains.

Question 17

CD8 cells are

Accepted Answer

A)  T helper cells. 
B)  natural killer cells. 
C)  T cytotoxic cells. 
D)  macrophages. 
E)  plasma cells. 
A)  T helper cells. 
B)  natural killer cells. 
C)  T cytotoxic cells. 
D)  macrophages. 
E)  plasma cells.

Question 18

"Clonal selection" and "clonal expansion"

Accepted Answer

A)  imply that each individual lymphocyte produces a single antibody. 
B)  describe how a single lymphocyte proliferates in a population of effector cells. 
C)  depend on an antibody recognizing a specific epitope. 
D)  explain how an antigen stimulates the production of matching antibodies. 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  imply that each individual lymphocyte produces a single antibody. 
B)  describe how a single lymphocyte proliferates in a population of effector cells. 
C)  depend on an antibody recognizing a specific epitope. 
D)  explain how an antigen stimulates the production of matching antibodies. 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 19

Specific regions on an antigen molecule to which the immune response is directed are

Accepted Answer

A)  antigenic determinants. 
B)  an autoimmune response. 
C)  monomers. 
D)  allergens. 
E)  antibody determinants. 
A)  antigenic determinants. 
B)  an autoimmune response. 
C)  monomers. 
D)  allergens. 
E)  antibody determinants.

Question 20

Perforin is produced by

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  NK cells. 
D)  T helper cells. 
E)  B cells AND NK cells. 
A)  B cells. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  NK cells. 
D)  T helper cells. 
E)  B cells AND NK cells.

Exam 15: The Adaptive Immune Response

An IgG molecule has two

The immune response is directed against an entire molecule.

Secondary lymphoid organs

Antibodies are made by

A term synonymous with antibody is

T-independent antigens

What would be an appropriate response if an antigen is presented on MHC class II molecules?

You explain to your patient the role of the lymphocytes in her adaptive immune response. In the middle of your explanation, you are distracted and you tell her something that is NOT correct. Identify that statement.

T cell receptors are identical to antibodies.

Which of the following contribute to antibody diversity?

The function of the secretory component of the IgA molecule is

The cells that actually secrete antibodies are

Which of the following do not induce a strong immune response?

Which of the following is/are secondary lymphoid organ(s)?

The characteristic function and properties of each class of antibody is determined by the

CD8 cells are

"Clonal selection" and "clonal expansion"

Specific regions on an antigen molecule to which the immune response is directed are

Perforin is produced by

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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