Question 1

The surface receptors on B and T cells both

Accepted Answer

A)  play the same role in each type of cell. 
B)  bind to free antigen. 
C)  have two binding sites for antigen. 
D)  have variable and constant regions. 
E)  play the same role in each type of cell AND bind to free antigen. 
A)  play the same role in each type of cell. 
B)  bind to free antigen. 
C)  have two binding sites for antigen. 
D)  have variable and constant regions. 
E)  play the same role in each type of cell AND bind to free antigen.

Question 2

The Fc region on IgG

Accepted Answer

A)  interacts with complement AND contains a variable region. 
B)  attaches to receptors on macrophages AND contains a variable region. 
C)  interacts with complement AND attaches to receptors on macrophages. 
D)  reacts with and coats the antigen AND interacts with complement. 
E)  reacts with and coats the antigen AND attaches to receptors on macrophages. 
A)  interacts with complement AND contains a variable region. 
B)  attaches to receptors on macrophages AND contains a variable region. 
C)  interacts with complement AND attaches to receptors on macrophages. 
D)  reacts with and coats the antigen AND interacts with complement. 
E)  reacts with and coats the antigen AND attaches to receptors on macrophages.

Question 3

Why would a person who has their tonsils removed be more susceptible to certain types of infections of the throat and respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tonsils are primary lymphoid organs found in the oral cavity that produce high levels of lactoferrin and transferrin; these are strong natural antibacterial compounds that protect the lungs. 
B)  Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs found in the oral cavity that produce large amounts of interferons; these are natural antiviral compounds that protect the respiratory tract. 
C)  Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs; they help to provide a constant response to the microbes in the oral cavity, helping to keep them in check and preventing them from spreading to other areas. 
D)  Tonsils are the location where T cells develop and mature. Without them, a person won't have T cells, and will be more likely to suffer from infections that would normally be eliminated by such cells. 
E)  Tonsils are primary lymphoid organs; they help to provide a constant response to the microbes in the gut, helping to keep them in check and preventing them from spreading to other areas. 
A)  Tonsils are primary lymphoid organs found in the oral cavity that produce high levels of lactoferrin and transferrin; these are strong natural antibacterial compounds that protect the lungs. 
B)  Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs found in the oral cavity that produce large amounts of interferons; these are natural antiviral compounds that protect the respiratory tract. 
C)  Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs; they help to provide a constant response to the microbes in the oral cavity, helping to keep them in check and preventing them from spreading to other areas. 
D)  Tonsils are the location where T cells develop and mature. Without them, a person won't have T cells, and will be more likely to suffer from infections that would normally be eliminated by such cells. 
E)  Tonsils are primary lymphoid organs; they help to provide a constant response to the microbes in the gut, helping to keep them in check and preventing them from spreading to other areas.

Question 4

All antigens are immunogens.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

T-independent antigens can activate B cells directly.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The chains of an antibody molecule are bonded to one another by

Accepted Answer

A)  disulfide bonds. 
B)  hydrogen bonds. 
C)  ionic bonds. 
D)  oxygen bonds. 
E)  ligases. 
A)  disulfide bonds. 
B)  hydrogen bonds. 
C)  ionic bonds. 
D)  oxygen bonds. 
E)  ligases.

Question 7

Each class of antibody is specifically defined by its

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acid sequence of the constant region of the heavy chain. 
B)  amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light chain. 
C)  ability to cross the placenta. 
D)  presence of disulfide bonds. 
E)  ability to bind a range of antigens. 
A)  amino acid sequence of the constant region of the heavy chain. 
B)  amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light chain. 
C)  ability to cross the placenta. 
D)  presence of disulfide bonds. 
E)  ability to bind a range of antigens.

Question 8

The immunoglobulin that is important in hypersensitivity reactions is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM

Question 9

Which is involved in reacting to virus-infected cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells AND cell-mediated immunity 
B)  MHC class II molecules, B cells AND cytotoxic T cells 
C)  B cells, leukocytes AND MHC class II molecules 
D)  MHC class I molecules, helper T cells AND humoral immunity 
E)  MHC class I molecules, cell-mediated immunity AND cytotoxic T cells 
A)  B cells AND cell-mediated immunity 
B)  MHC class II molecules, B cells AND cytotoxic T cells 
C)  B cells, leukocytes AND MHC class II molecules 
D)  MHC class I molecules, helper T cells AND humoral immunity 
E)  MHC class I molecules, cell-mediated immunity AND cytotoxic T cells

Question 10

Which of the following is not typical of an antigen?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protein 
B)  Foreign 
C)  Low molecular weight 
D)  Polysaccharide 
E)  Low molecular weight AND protein 
A)  Protein 
B)  Foreign 
C)  Low molecular weight 
D)  Polysaccharide 
E)  Low molecular weight AND protein

Question 11

How is the central portion of a T cell receptor complex functionally analogous to the center of the B cell receptor complex?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has two protein chains, just like a B-cell receptor. 
B)  Both receptors bind epitopes (small amino acid sections of antigen molecules). 
C)  Both bind structures directly on the surface of microbes. 
D)  Both can be secreted from lymphocytes to bind to pathogens under certain situations. 
E)  Both have two heavy chains and two light chains. 
A)  It has two protein chains, just like a B-cell receptor. 
B)  Both receptors bind epitopes (small amino acid sections of antigen molecules). 
C)  Both bind structures directly on the surface of microbes. 
D)  Both can be secreted from lymphocytes to bind to pathogens under certain situations. 
E)  Both have two heavy chains and two light chains.

Question 12

Proteins that react specifically with the chemical structures in the antigen that induced them are called

Accepted Answer

A)  determinants. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  proteases. 
D)  macroproteins. 
E)  epitopes. 
A)  determinants. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  proteases. 
D)  macroproteins. 
E)  epitopes.

Question 13

Antibody molecules are very rigid in structure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Antigens interact with antibodies at

Accepted Answer

A)  the outer end of each arm of the Y. 
B)  the junction of heavy and light chains. 
C)  different regions depending on the class of antibody. 
D)  the bottom stem of the heavy chain of the Y. 
E)  the disulfide bridges of the antibody molecule. 
A)  the outer end of each arm of the Y. 
B)  the junction of heavy and light chains. 
C)  different regions depending on the class of antibody. 
D)  the bottom stem of the heavy chain of the Y. 
E)  the disulfide bridges of the antibody molecule.

Question 15

The humoral immune response is delivered by

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  T cells. 
C)  lymphokines. 
D)  antigens. 
E)  antibodies AND lymphokines. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  T cells. 
C)  lymphokines. 
D)  antigens. 
E)  antibodies AND lymphokines.

Question 16

Which of the following antibodies is a dimer?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgD 
B)  IgA 
C)  IgM 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG 
A)  IgD 
B)  IgA 
C)  IgM 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG

Question 17

It would be useful if antigens were delivered directly to

Accepted Answer

A)  Peyer's patches. 
B)  W Cells. 
C)  M cells. 
D)  red blood cells. 
E)  Peyer's patches AND M cells. 
A)  Peyer's patches. 
B)  W Cells. 
C)  M cells. 
D)  red blood cells. 
E)  Peyer's patches AND M cells.

Question 18

What is a naive lymphocyte?

Accepted Answer

A)  A lymphocyte that has an antigen receptor but has not yet encountered the antigen recognized by the receptor. 
B)  A lymphocyte that has encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but has not yet made antibodies. 
C)  A lymphocyte that has encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but has not yet made antibodies and cytokines. 
D)  A lymphocyte that has encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but has not yet undergone apoptosis. 
E)  A lymphocyte that has not yet encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but is making antibodies. 
A)  A lymphocyte that has an antigen receptor but has not yet encountered the antigen recognized by the receptor. 
B)  A lymphocyte that has encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but has not yet made antibodies. 
C)  A lymphocyte that has encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but has not yet made antibodies and cytokines. 
D)  A lymphocyte that has encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but has not yet undergone apoptosis. 
E)  A lymphocyte that has not yet encountered the antigen recognized by its receptor but is making antibodies.

Question 19

The variable region of an antibody occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  only on the heavy chains. 
B)  only on the light chains. 
C)  on one of the light chains. 
D)  on all four chains. 
E)  at the hinge region only. 
A)  only on the heavy chains. 
B)  only on the light chains. 
C)  on one of the light chains. 
D)  on all four chains. 
E)  at the hinge region only.

Question 20

A scientist reports the isolation of a new blood-borne virus that completely shuts down presentation of viral epitopes on MHC molecules in the cells it infects. He produces an internet video describing the virus, claiming it will be indestructible by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and will kill millions of people. The medical community quickly denounces the warning as irrelevant, and the whole thing is quickly forgotten. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  CD8+ T cells are not the cells that are responsible for killing virally infected cells. The scientist has confused the information. The medical community denounces the information so that people are not unnecessarily alarmed by the video. 
B)  While CD8+ T cells ARE important for eliminating a viral infection, they are not the ONLY things that can do so. Natural killer cells can kill virally infected cells that have shut down MHC antigen presentation, and interferons can assist in cleaning virally infected cells. 
C)  A blood-borne virus would not be capable of rapidly infecting millions of people, due to its difficult mode of transmission AND CD8+ T cells are not the cells that are responsible for killing virally infected cells. The scientist has confused the information. The medical community denounces the information so that people are not unnecessarily alarmed. 
D)  B cells would be primed right away to produce complement proteins to destroy the virus. This would prevent cells from being infected with it in the first place. The medical community denounces the scientist's video to prevent people from becoming alarmed. 
E)  While CD8+ T cells ARE important for eliminating a viral infection, they are not the ONLY things that are capable of doing so. Natural killer cells can kill virally infected cells that have shut down MHC antigen presentation, and interferons can assist in cleaning virally infected cells AND a blood-borne virus would not be capable of rapidly infecting millions of people, due to its difficult mode of transmission. 
A)  CD8+ T cells are not the cells that are responsible for killing virally infected cells. The scientist has confused the information. The medical community denounces the information so that people are not unnecessarily alarmed by the video. 
B)  While CD8+ T cells ARE important for eliminating a viral infection, they are not the ONLY things that can do so. Natural killer cells can kill virally infected cells that have shut down MHC antigen presentation, and interferons can assist in cleaning virally infected cells. 
C)  A blood-borne virus would not be capable of rapidly infecting millions of people, due to its difficult mode of transmission AND CD8+ T cells are not the cells that are responsible for killing virally infected cells. The scientist has confused the information. The medical community denounces the information so that people are not unnecessarily alarmed. 
D)  B cells would be primed right away to produce complement proteins to destroy the virus. This would prevent cells from being infected with it in the first place. The medical community denounces the scientist's video to prevent people from becoming alarmed. 
E)  While CD8+ T cells ARE important for eliminating a viral infection, they are not the ONLY things that are capable of doing so. Natural killer cells can kill virally infected cells that have shut down MHC antigen presentation, and interferons can assist in cleaning virally infected cells AND a blood-borne virus would not be capable of rapidly infecting millions of people, due to its difficult mode of transmission.

Exam 15: The Adaptive Immune Response

The surface receptors on B and T cells both

The Fc region on IgG

Why would a person who has their tonsils removed be more susceptible to certain types of infections of the throat and respiratory tract?

All antigens are immunogens.

T-independent antigens can activate B cells directly.

The chains of an antibody molecule are bonded to one another by

Each class of antibody is specifically defined by its

The immunoglobulin that is important in hypersensitivity reactions is ________.

Which is involved in reacting to virus-infected cells?

Which of the following is not typical of an antigen?

How is the central portion of a T cell receptor complex functionally analogous to the center of the B cell receptor complex?

Proteins that react specifically with the chemical structures in the antigen that induced them are called

Antibody molecules are very rigid in structure.

Antigens interact with antibodies at

The humoral immune response is delivered by

Which of the following antibodies is a dimer?

It would be useful if antigens were delivered directly to

What is a naive lymphocyte?

The variable region of an antibody occurs

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

Filters