Question 1

Which of the following molecules would be expected to be immunogenic?

Accepted Answer

A)  Progesterone, a lipid hormone. 
B)  Serum albumin, a large protein. 
C)  Glucose, a simple sugar. 
D)  Linoleic acid, a fatty acid. 
E)  These are all equally immunogenic. 
A)  Progesterone, a lipid hormone. 
B)  Serum albumin, a large protein. 
C)  Glucose, a simple sugar. 
D)  Linoleic acid, a fatty acid. 
E)  These are all equally immunogenic.

Question 2

Which of the following is/are a(n) antigen-presenting cell(s)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macrophages 
B)  Dendritic cells 
C)  B cells 
D)  Macrophages, dendritic cells, AND B cells 
E)  Macrophages AND dendritic cells 
A)  Macrophages 
B)  Dendritic cells 
C)  B cells 
D)  Macrophages, dendritic cells, AND B cells 
E)  Macrophages AND dendritic cells

Question 3

Ag-Ab binding may result in all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  neutralization. 
B)  immobilization. 
C)  agglutination. 
D)  opsonization. 
E)  fever. 
A)  neutralization. 
B)  immobilization. 
C)  agglutination. 
D)  opsonization. 
E)  fever.

Question 4

Ellie wonders whether she has fully understood what you have told her, so she tells you what she knows but she makes one mistake. Which statement made by your friend is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  When a person is exposed to an antigen, B cells get activated by TH cells, proliferating and differentiating to form populations of plasma cells and memory cells. 
B)  Plasma cells produce antibodies which are specific proteins that bind to the antigens, tagging them for elimination by other immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. 
C)  On first exposure to an antigen, a person makes IgM followed by IgG. On second exposure to that same antigen, memory cells produce large amounts of IgG. 
D)  If a woman experiences a primary exposure to a particular while pregnant, she makes IgM in response. This antibody crosses the placenta and protects her fetus from that pathogen. 
E)  If a woman experiences a secondary exposure to a particular pathogen while pregnant, she makes IgG that crosses the placenta and protects the fetus from that antigen. 
A)  When a person is exposed to an antigen, B cells get activated by TH cells, proliferating and differentiating to form populations of plasma cells and memory cells. 
B)  Plasma cells produce antibodies which are specific proteins that bind to the antigens, tagging them for elimination by other immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. 
C)  On first exposure to an antigen, a person makes IgM followed by IgG. On second exposure to that same antigen, memory cells produce large amounts of IgG. 
D)  If a woman experiences a primary exposure to a particular while pregnant, she makes IgM in response. This antibody crosses the placenta and protects her fetus from that pathogen. 
E)  If a woman experiences a secondary exposure to a particular pathogen while pregnant, she makes IgG that crosses the placenta and protects the fetus from that antigen.

Question 5

The best possible analogy available for the way in which variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) antibody gene segments get put together to create the diversity possible in hypervariable regions is

Accepted Answer

A)  to think of the various segments as a deck of cards-when you get dealt a hand of five cards, you have a very high likelihood of getting a different hand every time. The quality of the hand you have dealt will dictate whether you have a "winning" hand (capable of binding to antigenic epitopes). 
B)  to think of the various segments as the pieces of a house-you need a strong foundation first (the joining segments), followed by a frame (the diversity segments), then the interior walls (the variable segments) before the structure is complete. 
C)  to think of the various segments as building a highway-you need to prepare the area first by clearing a path (the joining segments do this), then grade/slope the area (the diversity segments) before you can finally lay down the asphalt (the variable segments). 
D)  to think of the various segments as a bingo game-each segment is randomly selected, but you're going to need one of each (V, D, and J) to form a functional molecule. The "right" combination varies depending on which antigen is eventually going to be binding to the molecule (i.e., your bingo card would be the eventual antigen, and the random calling out of the number/letter combinations would be the forming of the VDJ hypervariable region). 
E)  to think of the various segments as the characters in a game of Clue. Each character is assigned a specific weapon with which to commit a murder (the joining segments), but once that is assigned, the room in which the murder occurs is random (the diversity segments); to get a complete picture, you need to know the name of the victim (variable segments). 
A)  to think of the various segments as a deck of cards-when you get dealt a hand of five cards, you have a very high likelihood of getting a different hand every time. The quality of the hand you have dealt will dictate whether you have a "winning" hand (capable of binding to antigenic epitopes). 
B)  to think of the various segments as the pieces of a house-you need a strong foundation first (the joining segments), followed by a frame (the diversity segments), then the interior walls (the variable segments) before the structure is complete. 
C)  to think of the various segments as building a highway-you need to prepare the area first by clearing a path (the joining segments do this), then grade/slope the area (the diversity segments) before you can finally lay down the asphalt (the variable segments). 
D)  to think of the various segments as a bingo game-each segment is randomly selected, but you're going to need one of each (V, D, and J) to form a functional molecule. The "right" combination varies depending on which antigen is eventually going to be binding to the molecule (i.e., your bingo card would be the eventual antigen, and the random calling out of the number/letter combinations would be the forming of the VDJ hypervariable region). 
E)  to think of the various segments as the characters in a game of Clue. Each character is assigned a specific weapon with which to commit a murder (the joining segments), but once that is assigned, the room in which the murder occurs is random (the diversity segments); to get a complete picture, you need to know the name of the victim (variable segments).

Question 6

T cells are responsible for directly manufacturing antibodies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following antibodies is a pentamer?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgM 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgM 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG

Question 8

The only class of antibody that can cross the placenta is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM

Question 9

The immunoglobulin monomer consists of

Accepted Answer

A)  four large chains. 
B)  two heavy and two light chains. 
C)  five light chains. 
D)  three heavy and three light chains. 
E)  one heavy and two light chains. 
A)  four large chains. 
B)  two heavy and two light chains. 
C)  five light chains. 
D)  three heavy and three light chains. 
E)  one heavy and two light chains.

Question 10

Cytotoxic T cells primarily are responsible for

Accepted Answer

A)  humoral immunity. 
B)  cell-mediated immunity. 
C)  anamnestic immunity. 
D)  producing haptens. 
E)  producing antibodies. 
A)  humoral immunity. 
B)  cell-mediated immunity. 
C)  anamnestic immunity. 
D)  producing haptens. 
E)  producing antibodies.

Question 11

Your friend asks you how her B cells "know" when to make antibodies. You tell her that B cells must become activated, and that she has another type of cell that assists in this. These are the

Accepted Answer

A)  TH cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that B cell. 
B)  TC cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that B cell. 
C)  TH cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that T cell. 
D)  TC cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that T cell. 
E)  TH cells that present the antigen to the B cell, leading to activation of that B cell. 
A)  TH cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that B cell. 
B)  TC cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that B cell. 
C)  TH cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that T cell. 
D)  TC cells that bind to the B cell and release cytokines that activate that T cell. 
E)  TH cells that present the antigen to the B cell, leading to activation of that B cell.

Question 12

Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgM 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgM 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgG

Question 13

In opsonization with IgG, why would it be important that IgG react with the antigen BEFORE a phagocytic cell recognizes the antibody molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  If the IgG is bound to the phagocyte BEFORE opsonization, it would most likely be ingested by the phagocyte before it could bind to a pathogen (it would be "naked," so to speak). 
B)  Binding of IgG by phagocytes would block the antigen binding sites on the IgG molecules, preventing them from binding to the microbes. 
C)  Binding of IgG by phagocytes changes their conformation-and by changing their protein conformation, their antigen binding sites are changed and they can no longer recognize their specific antigenic epitopes. 
D)  Binding of antibody by phagocytes results in immediate release of protein-destroying enzymes to the outside of the cell. Since antibodies are proteins, they would be destroyed by these enzymes (and would then be unable to bind to their specific antigenic epitopes). 
A)  If the IgG is bound to the phagocyte BEFORE opsonization, it would most likely be ingested by the phagocyte before it could bind to a pathogen (it would be "naked," so to speak). 
B)  Binding of IgG by phagocytes would block the antigen binding sites on the IgG molecules, preventing them from binding to the microbes. 
C)  Binding of IgG by phagocytes changes their conformation-and by changing their protein conformation, their antigen binding sites are changed and they can no longer recognize their specific antigenic epitopes. 
D)  Binding of antibody by phagocytes results in immediate release of protein-destroying enzymes to the outside of the cell. Since antibodies are proteins, they would be destroyed by these enzymes (and would then be unable to bind to their specific antigenic epitopes).

Question 14

According to the clonal selection theory

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies are modified, at the time of antigen exposure, to specifically react with the antigen. 
B)  self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus. 
C)  B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus. 
D)  each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody. 
E)  self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus. 
A)  antibodies are modified, at the time of antigen exposure, to specifically react with the antigen. 
B)  self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus. 
C)  B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus. 
D)  each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody. 
E)  self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus.

Question 15

The peptides presented by MHC class II peptide molecules are

Accepted Answer

A)  from plasma cells. 
B)  exogenous antigens. 
C)  endogenous antigens. 
D)  from T helper cells. 
E)  antibodies. 
A)  from plasma cells. 
B)  exogenous antigens. 
C)  endogenous antigens. 
D)  from T helper cells. 
E)  antibodies.

Question 16

Your friend Ellie is pregnant. She tells you that her mother, a microbiologist, has warned her not to clean out the cat's litter box while she is pregnant in case she contracts a disease called toxoplasmosis, which can affect her fetus. She says her mom told her toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, that may be found in the feces of infected cats and also in raw meat. Your friend's mom tells her that when a person has not had a particular disease, they are not immune to the pathogen that causes the disease, and lack antibodies against that microbe. Your friend has never had toxoplasmosis but she doesn't quite understand why this, and the fact that she doesn't have antibodies to T. gondii, is important. You help her understand some facts about her adaptive immune system.
-You tell your friend that antibodies

Accepted Answer

A)  bind to and destroy an antigen such as the toxoplasmosis parasite. 
B)  bind to and tag an antigen for elimination by white blood cells such as macrophages. 
C)  bind to and destroy any self cells in which a pathogen may reside and multiply. 
D)  coat the cytoplasmic membrane of a self cell so a pathogen cannot enter it. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  bind to and destroy an antigen such as the toxoplasmosis parasite. 
B)  bind to and tag an antigen for elimination by white blood cells such as macrophages. 
C)  bind to and destroy any self cells in which a pathogen may reside and multiply. 
D)  coat the cytoplasmic membrane of a self cell so a pathogen cannot enter it. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

How is a T-cell receptor different from a B-cell receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  T-cell receptors must have antigen broken down inside a cell and presented to them by a major histocompatibility complex (MH
C)  molecule. 
B)  B-cell receptors must have antigen broken down inside a cell and presented to them by a major histocompatibility complex (MH
C)  molecule. 
C)  T-cell receptors are composed of four protein chains (pieces), while B-cell receptors are composed of only two chains. 
D)  T-cell receptors are eventually secreted into the bloodstream by activated T-cells, whereas B-cell receptors are not; they always stay with the B-cell. 
E)  B-cell receptors are composed of chains of amino acids, while T-cell receptors are composed of chains of carbohydrates. 
A)  T-cell receptors must have antigen broken down inside a cell and presented to them by a major histocompatibility complex (MH
C)  molecule. 
B)  B-cell receptors must have antigen broken down inside a cell and presented to them by a major histocompatibility complex (MH
C)  molecule. 
C)  T-cell receptors are composed of four protein chains (pieces), while B-cell receptors are composed of only two chains. 
D)  T-cell receptors are eventually secreted into the bloodstream by activated T-cells, whereas B-cell receptors are not; they always stay with the B-cell. 
E)  B-cell receptors are composed of chains of amino acids, while T-cell receptors are composed of chains of carbohydrates.

Question 18

Only antigen-presenting cells

Accepted Answer

A)  produce MHC class I molecules. 
B)  produce MHC class II molecules. 
C)  produce antibodies. 
D)  activate cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  activate regulatory T cells. 
A)  produce MHC class I molecules. 
B)  produce MHC class II molecules. 
C)  produce antibodies. 
D)  activate cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  activate regulatory T cells.

Question 19

CD4 cells are also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  T helper cells. 
B)  natural killer cells. 
C)  T cytotoxic cells. 
D)  macrophages. 
E)  neutrophils. 
A)  T helper cells. 
B)  natural killer cells. 
C)  T cytotoxic cells. 
D)  macrophages. 
E)  neutrophils.

Question 20

T cells and B cells are produced in the

Accepted Answer

A)  bone marrow. 
B)  thymus. 
C)  Peyer's patches. 
D)  nervous tissue. 
E)  appendix. 
A)  bone marrow. 
B)  thymus. 
C)  Peyer's patches. 
D)  nervous tissue. 
E)  appendix.

Exam 15: The Adaptive Immune Response

Which of the following molecules would be expected to be immunogenic?

Which of the following is/are a(n) antigen-presenting cell(s)?

Ag-Ab binding may result in all of the following EXCEPT

Ellie wonders whether she has fully understood what you have told her, so she tells you what she knows but she makes one mistake. Which statement made by your friend is INCORRECT?

The best possible analogy available for the way in which variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) antibody gene segments get put together to create the diversity possible in hypervariable regions is

T cells are responsible for directly manufacturing antibodies.

Which of the following antibodies is a pentamer?

The only class of antibody that can cross the placenta is ________.

The immunoglobulin monomer consists of

Cytotoxic T cells primarily are responsible for

Your friend asks you how her B cells "know" when to make antibodies. You tell her that B cells must become activated, and that she has another type of cell that assists in this. These are the

Which is the most efficient at initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade?

In opsonization with IgG, why would it be important that IgG react with the antigen BEFORE a phagocytic cell recognizes the antibody molecule?

According to the clonal selection theory

The peptides presented by MHC class II peptide molecules are

How is a T-cell receptor different from a B-cell receptor?

Only antigen-presenting cells

CD4 cells are also known as

T cells and B cells are produced in the

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

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Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

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