Question 1

If the thymus is removed from a 2-year-old child, which of the following is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased success of an organ transplant and increased incidence of cancer. 
B)  Decreased incidence of cancer and decreased incidence of viral infection. 
C)  Decreased success of an organ transplant and increased incidence of viral infection. 
D)  Increased success of an organ transplant and increased incidence of bacterial infection. 
E)  Increased success of an organ transplant and decreased incidence of bacterial infection. 
A)  Decreased success of an organ transplant and increased incidence of cancer. 
B)  Decreased incidence of cancer and decreased incidence of viral infection. 
C)  Decreased success of an organ transplant and increased incidence of viral infection. 
D)  Increased success of an organ transplant and increased incidence of bacterial infection. 
E)  Increased success of an organ transplant and decreased incidence of bacterial infection. D

Question 2

Mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen results in lysis of red blood cells by complement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

You tell your friend that ragweed pollen gives you hay fever, but now he needs some revision-he can't remember the signs and symptoms of this allergy. You remind him that they include

Accepted Answer

A)  spasms of smooth muscle tissue lining the bronchial tubes and increased mucus production,  caused by inflammatory mediators in the lower respiratory tract. 
B)  extensive blood vessel dilation and fluid loss from the blood, causing a severe drop in blood pressure that may lead to heart failure and insufficient blood flow to vital organs. 
C)  teary eyes, a runny nose, and sneezing, caused by fluid leakage from dilated capillaries in the mucous membranes. 
D)  an itchy swelling generally resembling a mosquito bite, surrounded by redness called a flare. 
E)  fluid accumulation due to leaky dilated blood vessels, contraction of smooth muscles, itching and pain due to effects on nerve endings, and increased mucus production. 
A)  spasms of smooth muscle tissue lining the bronchial tubes and increased mucus production,  caused by inflammatory mediators in the lower respiratory tract. 
B)  extensive blood vessel dilation and fluid loss from the blood, causing a severe drop in blood pressure that may lead to heart failure and insufficient blood flow to vital organs. 
C)  teary eyes, a runny nose, and sneezing, caused by fluid leakage from dilated capillaries in the mucous membranes. 
D)  an itchy swelling generally resembling a mosquito bite, surrounded by redness called a flare. 
E)  fluid accumulation due to leaky dilated blood vessels, contraction of smooth muscles, itching and pain due to effects on nerve endings, and increased mucus production. C

Question 4

A transfusion reaction primarily involves

Accepted Answer

A)  leukocytes. 
B)  erythrocytes. 
C)  phagocytes. 
D)  platelets. 
E)  IgE. 
A)  leukocytes. 
B)  erythrocytes. 
C)  phagocytes. 
D)  platelets. 
E)  IgE.

Question 5

MHC plays a pivotal role in transplant rejection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

If a patient lacks B cells, the resulting disease is

Accepted Answer

A)  SCID. 
B)  AIDS. 
C)  agammaglobulinemia. 
D)  Di George's syndrome. 
E)  chronic granulomatous disease. 
A)  SCID. 
B)  AIDS. 
C)  agammaglobulinemia. 
D)  Di George's syndrome. 
E)  chronic granulomatous disease.

Question 7

What type of hypersensitivity reaction causes rejection of transplanted organs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immediate IgE-mediated 
B)  Cytotoxic 
C)  Immune-complex mediated 
D)  Delayed-type cell-mediated 
E)  Cytotoxic OR delayed-type cell-mediated 
A)  Immediate IgE-mediated 
B)  Cytotoxic 
C)  Immune-complex mediated 
D)  Delayed-type cell-mediated 
E)  Cytotoxic OR delayed-type cell-mediated

Question 8

In which of the following is/are B cells involved?

Accepted Answer

A)  Asthma, hemolytic disease of the newborn, AND allergic contact dermatitis 
B)  Hives, transplanted organ rejection, AND transfusion reactions 
C)  Systemic anaphylaxis, hives, AND graft-versus-host reactions 
D)  Anaphylactic shock, hemolytic disease of the newborn, AND glomerulonephritis 
E)  Hives, transfusion reactions, disseminated intravascular coagulation, AND allergic contact dermatitis 
A)  Asthma, hemolytic disease of the newborn, AND allergic contact dermatitis 
B)  Hives, transplanted organ rejection, AND transfusion reactions 
C)  Systemic anaphylaxis, hives, AND graft-versus-host reactions 
D)  Anaphylactic shock, hemolytic disease of the newborn, AND glomerulonephritis 
E)  Hives, transfusion reactions, disseminated intravascular coagulation, AND allergic contact dermatitis

Question 9

Your friend reminds you that hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response that injures tissue and can be categorized into one of four groups according to the mechanisms and timing of the response. He tells you that seasonal allergies are an example of type I hypersensitivity and describes the characteristics of this response. What statement made by your friend is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  The effector cells involved in a type I response are B cells. 
B)  A very common form of IgE-mediated allergy is systemic anaphylaxis. 
C)  The mediators involved in the response include histidines, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. 
D)  Examples of type I hypersensitivities include hives, asthma, and anaphylactic shock. 
E)  Other cells involved in the response are basophils and mast cells. 
A)  The effector cells involved in a type I response are B cells. 
B)  A very common form of IgE-mediated allergy is systemic anaphylaxis. 
C)  The mediators involved in the response include histidines, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. 
D)  Examples of type I hypersensitivities include hives, asthma, and anaphylactic shock. 
E)  Other cells involved in the response are basophils and mast cells.

Question 10

You've forgotten what happens after sensitization, so your friend gives you a summary. Which is the CORRECT statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Complement protein C3a binds to two IgE molecules bound to the surface of the basophil, causing it to degranulate and release histamine and other mediators. 
B)  On second  exposure, complement protein C3a binds to two IgG molecules attached to the surface of the mast cell, causing it to degranulate and release interleukins. 
C)  On second exposure, complement protein C5b cross-links two allergen molecules bound to the surface of the basophil, causing it to degranulate and release histamine and other mediators. 
D)  On second exposure, the allergen cross-links two IgE antibodies bound to the surface of the basophil, causing it to degranulate and release histamine and other mediators. 
E)  Second exposure to the allergen causes activation of B cells that are initially programmed to produce IgM molecules, but then undergo class switching to produce IgE. 
A)  Complement protein C3a binds to two IgE molecules bound to the surface of the basophil, causing it to degranulate and release histamine and other mediators. 
B)  On second  exposure, complement protein C3a binds to two IgG molecules attached to the surface of the mast cell, causing it to degranulate and release interleukins. 
C)  On second exposure, complement protein C5b cross-links two allergen molecules bound to the surface of the basophil, causing it to degranulate and release histamine and other mediators. 
D)  On second exposure, the allergen cross-links two IgE antibodies bound to the surface of the basophil, causing it to degranulate and release histamine and other mediators. 
E)  Second exposure to the allergen causes activation of B cells that are initially programmed to produce IgM molecules, but then undergo class switching to produce IgE.

Question 11

The type of hypersensitivity expressed with the lysing of red blood cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  type I. 
B)  type II. 
C)  type III. 
D)  type IV. 
E)  type V. 
A)  type I. 
B)  type II. 
C)  type III. 
D)  type IV. 
E)  type V.

Question 12

Cyclosporin A

Accepted Answer

A)  is a relatively general immunosuppressive agent AND activates macrophages. 
B)  suppresses T-cell proliferation AND activates macrophages. 
C)  activates macrophages AND stimulates antibody production. 
D)  stimulates antibody production AND stimulates T-cell proliferation. 
E)  is a relatively general immunosuppressant AND suppresses T-cell proliferation. 
A)  is a relatively general immunosuppressive agent AND activates macrophages. 
B)  suppresses T-cell proliferation AND activates macrophages. 
C)  activates macrophages AND stimulates antibody production. 
D)  stimulates antibody production AND stimulates T-cell proliferation. 
E)  is a relatively general immunosuppressant AND suppresses T-cell proliferation.

Question 13

Please select the correct sequence of events that occur during an immune-complex hypersensitivity reaction.
1) When antigen is in slight excess, immune complexes form.
2) Immune-complexes activate complement, resulting in increased vascular permeability.
3) Neutrophils are attracted, and release enzymes that cause tissue damage.
4) Circulating immune complexes are trapped in the blood vessels, initiating inflammation.

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2, 3, 4 
B)  1, 2, 4, 3 
C)  4, 3, 1, 2 
D)  1, 3, 2, 4 
E)  4, 3, 2, 1 
A)  1, 2, 3, 4 
B)  1, 2, 4, 3 
C)  4, 3, 1, 2 
D)  1, 3, 2, 4 
E)  4, 3, 2, 1

Question 14

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are natural antibodies and are present at birth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Delayed-type cell-mediated hypersensitivity is also known as ________ hypersensitivity.

Accepted Answer

A)  type I 
B)  type II 
C)  type III 
D)  type IV 
E)  type V 
A)  type I 
B)  type II 
C)  type III 
D)  type IV 
E)  type V

Question 16

Select the statement that best explains how RhoGAM works.

Accepted Answer

A)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁺ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁺ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
B)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁻ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁻ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
C)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁺ leukocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁺ baby, preventing these WBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
D)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁺ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁺ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a secondary immune response in the mother. 
E)  RhoGAM contains anti-ABO antibodies; these bind to any ABO⁺ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from a ABO⁺ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
A)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁺ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁺ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
B)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁻ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁻ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
C)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁺ leukocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁺ baby, preventing these WBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother. 
D)  RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies; these bind to any Rh⁺ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from an Rh⁺ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a secondary immune response in the mother. 
E)  RhoGAM contains anti-ABO antibodies; these bind to any ABO⁺ erythrocytes that may have entered the mother's circulation from a ABO⁺ baby, preventing these RBCs from stimulating a primary immune response in the mother.

Question 17

Localized injury or death of tissue resulting from repeated injections of an antigen into a person with high levels of circulating specific antibody is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  farmer's lung. 
B)  German measles. 
C)  serum sickness. 
D)  an Arthus reaction. 
E)  disseminated intravascular coagulation. 
A)  farmer's lung. 
B)  German measles. 
C)  serum sickness. 
D)  an Arthus reaction. 
E)  disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Question 18

Generalized anaphylaxis may be quickly controlled with the use of antihistamines.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Your father has just been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. He has pain and the sensation of "pins and needles" in some if his finger joints and also in his wrists. He knows you covered autoimmune diseases in your microbiology class, so asks you to help him understand his condition.
-Your father wonders how viruses or bacteria can potentially initiate an autoimmune disease. You tell him that

Accepted Answer

A)  viruses or bacteria could contain antigens that are similar to host tissue. Antibodies made in response to these agents may cross react with autoantigens. 
B)  viruses and bacteria frequently over-stimulate cytotoxic T cells so that inappropriate antibodies are made against self antigens. 
C)  autoimmunity usually develops when hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow fail to produce functional lymphocytes, as frequently happens during an infection. 
D)  viruses or bacteria could contain antibodies that are similar to those of host tissue. Antigens made in response to these agents may cross react with self antibodies. 
E)  autoimmunity often occurs when T cells do not differentiate and are absent in circulation; many pathogens suppress T cell maturation. 
A)  viruses or bacteria could contain antigens that are similar to host tissue. Antibodies made in response to these agents may cross react with autoantigens. 
B)  viruses and bacteria frequently over-stimulate cytotoxic T cells so that inappropriate antibodies are made against self antigens. 
C)  autoimmunity usually develops when hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow fail to produce functional lymphocytes, as frequently happens during an infection. 
D)  viruses or bacteria could contain antibodies that are similar to those of host tissue. Antigens made in response to these agents may cross react with self antibodies. 
E)  autoimmunity often occurs when T cells do not differentiate and are absent in circulation; many pathogens suppress T cell maturation.

Question 20

Allografts

Accepted Answer

A)  are normally rejected within hours. 
B)  are grafts between non-identical members of the same species. 
C)  involve tissues from non-human animals. 
D)  are grafts between identical members of the same species. 
E)  are grafts between identical twins. 
A)  are normally rejected within hours. 
B)  are grafts between non-identical members of the same species. 
C)  involve tissues from non-human animals. 
D)  are grafts between identical members of the same species. 
E)  are grafts between identical twins.

Exam 17: Immunological Disorders

If the thymus is removed from a 2-year-old child, which of the following is likely to occur?

Mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen results in lysis of red blood cells by complement.

You tell your friend that ragweed pollen gives you hay fever, but now he needs some revision-he can't remember the signs and symptoms of this allergy. You remind him that they include

A transfusion reaction primarily involves

MHC plays a pivotal role in transplant rejection.

If a patient lacks B cells, the resulting disease is

What type of hypersensitivity reaction causes rejection of transplanted organs?

In which of the following is/are B cells involved?

You've forgotten what happens after sensitization, so your friend gives you a summary. Which is the CORRECT statement?

The type of hypersensitivity expressed with the lysing of red blood cells is

Cyclosporin A

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are natural antibodies and are present at birth.

Delayed-type cell-mediated hypersensitivity is also known as ________ hypersensitivity.

Select the statement that best explains how RhoGAM works.

Localized injury or death of tissue resulting from repeated injections of an antigen into a person with high levels of circulating specific antibody is known as

Generalized anaphylaxis may be quickly controlled with the use of antihistamines.

Allografts

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

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Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

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Host-Microbe Interactions

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

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Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

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