Question 1

Anaphylaxis is the name given to allergic reactions caused by IgE-mediated release of mast cell granules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which autoimmune disease is CORRECTLY described?

Accepted Answer

A)  Systemic lupus erythematosus-antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, thereby blocking nerve impulses that normally cause muscle contraction. 
B)  Diabetes mellitus-characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and immune complexes that lodge in tissues around the body, causing damage. 
C)  Grave's disease-antibodies bind to the THS receptor of the thyroid and activate it inappropriately, leading to increased thyroid hormone production and enlargement of the gland. 
D)  Myesthenia gravis-infiltration of connective tissues, most often within joints, by T cells that release cytokines and cause inflammation. 
E)  Rheumatoid arthritis-formation of immune complexes in small blood vessels caused by autoantibodies to DNA and other nuclear components. 
A)  Systemic lupus erythematosus-antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, thereby blocking nerve impulses that normally cause muscle contraction. 
B)  Diabetes mellitus-characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and immune complexes that lodge in tissues around the body, causing damage. 
C)  Grave's disease-antibodies bind to the THS receptor of the thyroid and activate it inappropriately, leading to increased thyroid hormone production and enlargement of the gland. 
D)  Myesthenia gravis-infiltration of connective tissues, most often within joints, by T cells that release cytokines and cause inflammation. 
E)  Rheumatoid arthritis-formation of immune complexes in small blood vessels caused by autoantibodies to DNA and other nuclear components.

Question 3

Which of the following have been an effective immunosuppressant for use in transplantation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Amphotericin B and cephalosporin 
B)  Amphotericin B and cyclosporin A 
C)  Amphotericin B and tacrolimus 
D)  Cephalosporin and tacrolimus 
E)  Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus 
A)  Amphotericin B and cephalosporin 
B)  Amphotericin B and cyclosporin A 
C)  Amphotericin B and tacrolimus 
D)  Cephalosporin and tacrolimus 
E)  Cyclosporin A and tacrolimus

Question 4

Allergic reactions occur only in people who are sensitized by prior exposure to a specific allergen. Please identify the correct sequence of events that occur in a type I response.
1) The activated B cells proliferate into IgE-producing plasma cells and memory cells.
2) The Fc portion of the IgE binds to Fc receptors on either mast cells or basophils, so that the Fab sites of the antibodies can interact with a specific allergen.
3) Sensitization begins when the first contact with the allergen induces an antibody response-helper T cells activate naive B cells.
4) Cross-linking triggers the mast cell  or basophil to undergo degranulation, a process that releases its inflammatory mediators.
5) On second exposure to the antigen, when adjacent IgE molecules on a mast cell or basophil bind to that antigen, the IgE molecules are cross-linked.
6) These inflammatory mediators can have a variety of effects associated with a type I allergy response.

Accepted Answer

A)  3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 6 
B)  2, 3, 1, 4, 6, 5 
C)  6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
D)  3, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6 
E)  3, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4 
A)  3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 6 
B)  2, 3, 1, 4, 6, 5 
C)  6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
D)  3, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6 
E)  3, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4

Question 5

The tissue antigens most involved in graft rejection involve

Accepted Answer

A)  Rhesus antigen. 
B)  ABO antigens. 
C)  MHC molecules. 
D)  MLB proteins. 
E)  immune complexes. 
A)  Rhesus antigen. 
B)  ABO antigens. 
C)  MHC molecules. 
D)  MLB proteins. 
E)  immune complexes.

Question 6

If the immune system responds inadequately to antigenic stimulation, this is termed

Accepted Answer

A)  hypersensitivity. 
B)  immunodeficiency. 
C)  autoimmunity. 
D)  cell-mediated immunity. 
E)  allergy. 
A)  hypersensitivity. 
B)  immunodeficiency. 
C)  autoimmunity. 
D)  cell-mediated immunity. 
E)  allergy.

Question 7

Stem cells

Accepted Answer

A)  have an almost unlimited capacity to divide. 
B)  can differentiate into different tissues. 
C)  may be used to test the effects of drugs on human cells. 
D)  come from fetal material. 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct. 
A)  have an almost unlimited capacity to divide. 
B)  can differentiate into different tissues. 
C)  may be used to test the effects of drugs on human cells. 
D)  come from fetal material. 
E)  All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 8

Immunosuppressive drugs

Accepted Answer

A)  are only needed during the first week after transplantation. 
B)  are only needed for the first year after transplantation. 
C)  are needed indefinitely after transplantation. 
D)  are needed for transplants between identical twins. 
E)  are needed indefinitely after transplantation AND are needed for transplants between identical twins. 
A)  are only needed during the first week after transplantation. 
B)  are only needed for the first year after transplantation. 
C)  are needed indefinitely after transplantation. 
D)  are needed for transplants between identical twins. 
E)  are needed indefinitely after transplantation AND are needed for transplants between identical twins.

Question 9

Delayed-type cell-mediated hypersensitivity primarily involves

Accepted Answer

A)  erythrocytes. 
B)  B cells. 
C)  T cells. 
D)  mast cells. 
E)  T cells and platelets. 
A)  erythrocytes. 
B)  B cells. 
C)  T cells. 
D)  mast cells. 
E)  T cells and platelets.

Question 10

Arthus reactions and serum sickness are examples of ________ hypersensitivity.

Accepted Answer

A)  type I 
B)  type II 
C)  type III 
D)  type IV 
E)  type V 
A)  type I 
B)  type II 
C)  type III 
D)  type IV 
E)  type V

Question 11

If a patient received a kidney transplant that was matched well across each of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, but they stopped taking their anti-rejection drugs, what would happen and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nothing; the transplant is matched, so the patient doesn't need the drugs to prevent rejection. The new organ should be seen by the recipient's immune system as "self." 
B)  The organ will be rejected very quickly, as allografts (tissue from the same species, but a different individual) are seen by the recipient's immune system as "foreign," and are quickly attacked. 
C)  The organ will be rejected, but it will be a gradual process since it was matched well. There are a number of other proteins that cannot be matched between donors, so the graft will still be viewed as "foreign" by the recipient's immune system, and will still be attacked and rejected. 
D)  Nothing; since the transplant was accepted for so long with the anti-rejection drugs, the person's immune system has had the time to become accustomed to it and now views the graft as "self." It will not be attacked. 
E)  Nothing. The anti-rejection drugs are not really necessary once the patient's surgery wounds have healed. At the time their immune system returns to normal, so the new organ will not be rejected. 
A)  Nothing; the transplant is matched, so the patient doesn't need the drugs to prevent rejection. The new organ should be seen by the recipient's immune system as "self." 
B)  The organ will be rejected very quickly, as allografts (tissue from the same species, but a different individual) are seen by the recipient's immune system as "foreign," and are quickly attacked. 
C)  The organ will be rejected, but it will be a gradual process since it was matched well. There are a number of other proteins that cannot be matched between donors, so the graft will still be viewed as "foreign" by the recipient's immune system, and will still be attacked and rejected. 
D)  Nothing; since the transplant was accepted for so long with the anti-rejection drugs, the person's immune system has had the time to become accustomed to it and now views the graft as "self." It will not be attacked. 
E)  Nothing. The anti-rejection drugs are not really necessary once the patient's surgery wounds have healed. At the time their immune system returns to normal, so the new organ will not be rejected.

Question 12

A secondary immunodeficiency disease is not the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic defects. 
B)  malignancies. 
C)  advanced age. 
D)  malnutrition. 
E)  certain virus infections. 
A)  genetic defects. 
B)  malignancies. 
C)  advanced age. 
D)  malnutrition. 
E)  certain virus infections.

Question 13

In the tuberculin skin test, what would be the most likely reason why a positive test would NOT necessarily indicate an infection in progress in a patient who was born and grew up in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  False-positives occur all the time. This might simply be an example of that. 
B)  The TB skin test is a measure of reactivation of memory T cells. The memory T cells would be formed during an active infection and would remain after the infection cleared. This would result in the test still showing positive, even though the patient is cleared of actual infection. 
C)  Each person in the United States receives the BCG tuberculosis vaccine. This is an attenuated mycobacterium vaccine. The response to this vaccine makes us positive for the TB skin test, even though we may not have actually had a TB infection at any point in our lives. 
D)  A positive TB skin test ALWAYS indicates a current, active infection. 
A)  False-positives occur all the time. This might simply be an example of that. 
B)  The TB skin test is a measure of reactivation of memory T cells. The memory T cells would be formed during an active infection and would remain after the infection cleared. This would result in the test still showing positive, even though the patient is cleared of actual infection. 
C)  Each person in the United States receives the BCG tuberculosis vaccine. This is an attenuated mycobacterium vaccine. The response to this vaccine makes us positive for the TB skin test, even though we may not have actually had a TB infection at any point in our lives. 
D)  A positive TB skin test ALWAYS indicates a current, active infection.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT True about HIV?

Accepted Answer

A)  It leads to development of AIDS. 
B)  It is a retrovirus virus. 
C)  It destroys T helper cells. 
D)  It makes the patient vulnerable to infections. 
E)  It is a dsDNA virus. 
A)  It leads to development of AIDS. 
B)  It is a retrovirus virus. 
C)  It destroys T helper cells. 
D)  It makes the patient vulnerable to infections. 
E)  It is a dsDNA virus.

Question 15

Please select the INCORRECT definition regarding hypersensitivity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypersensitivity-an exaggerated immune response that damages tissues. 
B)  Degranulation-release of mediators from a cell's granules, such as histamine released from mast cells. 
C)  Systemic anaphylaxis-an immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by IgE attached to circulating basophils. 
D)  Anaphylactic shock-raised blood pressure and increased circulation caused by a severe allergic reaction. 
E)  Delayed-type cell-mediated hypersensitivity-an exaggerated immune response of antigen-specific T cells. 
A)  Hypersensitivity-an exaggerated immune response that damages tissues. 
B)  Degranulation-release of mediators from a cell's granules, such as histamine released from mast cells. 
C)  Systemic anaphylaxis-an immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by IgE attached to circulating basophils. 
D)  Anaphylactic shock-raised blood pressure and increased circulation caused by a severe allergic reaction. 
E)  Delayed-type cell-mediated hypersensitivity-an exaggerated immune response of antigen-specific T cells.

Question 16

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Accepted Answer

A)  may not manifest itself fully until after birth. 
B)  is due to the action of IgM. 
C)  is due to the action of IgE. 
D)  is a type I hypersensitivity reaction. 
E)  may not manifest itself fully until after birth AND is due to the action of IgE. 
A)  may not manifest itself fully until after birth. 
B)  is due to the action of IgM. 
C)  is due to the action of IgE. 
D)  is a type I hypersensitivity reaction. 
E)  may not manifest itself fully until after birth AND is due to the action of IgE.

Question 17

The immunoglobulin associated with Type I hypersensitivity is

Accepted Answer

A)  IgG. 
B)  IgE. 
C)  IgA. 
D)  IgM. 
E)  IgD. 
A)  IgG. 
B)  IgE. 
C)  IgA. 
D)  IgM. 
E)  IgD.

Question 18

Antibodies that have arisen in the blood plasma without any obvious or deliberate stimulus are called

Accepted Answer

A)  natural. 
B)  acquired. 
C)  injurious. 
D)  active. 
E)  inactive. 
A)  natural. 
B)  acquired. 
C)  injurious. 
D)  active. 
E)  inactive.

Question 19

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell tumor in which a clone of malignant plasma cells produces large amounts of immunoglobulin. With all this excess immunoglobulin, how can a person with multiple myeloma be immunodeficient?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the immunoglobulin produced is most likely specific to one antigen. This limits the ability to respond to the diversity of antigens we encounter. 
B)  The multiplication of the malignant plasma cells may crowd out normal production of other immune cells required for protective responses. 
C)  The massive overproduction of immunoglobulin impairs the kidneys, preventing production of the correct hormones from the kidneys to balance immune system cell production from the bone marrow. 
D)  Through a negative feedback loop, the large amount of immunoglobulin tricks the immune system into thinking it's making a strong response that is needed. As such, it shuts down production of other responses that might truly BE needed to fight off a pathogen. 
E)  All the immunoglobulin produced is most likely specific to one antigen. This limits the ability to respond to the diversity of antigens we encounter AND the multiplication of the malignant plasma cells may crowd out normal production of other immune cells required for protective responses. 
A)  All the immunoglobulin produced is most likely specific to one antigen. This limits the ability to respond to the diversity of antigens we encounter. 
B)  The multiplication of the malignant plasma cells may crowd out normal production of other immune cells required for protective responses. 
C)  The massive overproduction of immunoglobulin impairs the kidneys, preventing production of the correct hormones from the kidneys to balance immune system cell production from the bone marrow. 
D)  Through a negative feedback loop, the large amount of immunoglobulin tricks the immune system into thinking it's making a strong response that is needed. As such, it shuts down production of other responses that might truly BE needed to fight off a pathogen. 
E)  All the immunoglobulin produced is most likely specific to one antigen. This limits the ability to respond to the diversity of antigens we encounter AND the multiplication of the malignant plasma cells may crowd out normal production of other immune cells required for protective responses.

Question 20

Anti-Rh antibodies may not cross the placenta.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 17: Immunological Disorders

Anaphylaxis is the name given to allergic reactions caused by IgE-mediated release of mast cell granules.

Which autoimmune disease is CORRECTLY described?

Which of the following have been an effective immunosuppressant for use in transplantation?

The tissue antigens most involved in graft rejection involve

If the immune system responds inadequately to antigenic stimulation, this is termed

Stem cells

Immunosuppressive drugs

Delayed-type cell-mediated hypersensitivity primarily involves

Arthus reactions and serum sickness are examples of ________ hypersensitivity.

If a patient received a kidney transplant that was matched well across each of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, but they stopped taking their anti-rejection drugs, what would happen and why?

A secondary immunodeficiency disease is not the result of

In the tuberculin skin test, what would be the most likely reason why a positive test would NOT necessarily indicate an infection in progress in a patient who was born and grew up in the United States?

Which of the following is NOT True about HIV?

Please select the INCORRECT definition regarding hypersensitivity.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

The immunoglobulin associated with Type I hypersensitivity is

Antibodies that have arisen in the blood plasma without any obvious or deliberate stimulus are called

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell tumor in which a clone of malignant plasma cells produces large amounts of immunoglobulin. With all this excess immunoglobulin, how can a person with multiple myeloma be immunodeficient?

Anti-Rh antibodies may not cross the placenta.

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

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Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

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Host-Microbe Interactions

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

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Wound Infections

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Genitourinary Tract Infections

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