Question 1

Which of the following class of antibody is primarily found in external secretions?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM

Question 2

The scientist who received the first Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on antibody therapy was

Accepted Answer

A)  Koch. 
B)  von Behring. 
C)  Jenner. 
D)  Roux. 
E)  Pasteur. 
A)  Koch. 
B)  von Behring. 
C)  Jenner. 
D)  Roux. 
E)  Pasteur.

Question 3

Antibody and antigen are held to one another by covalent bonds.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Apoptosis

Accepted Answer

A)  is a form of programmed cell death AND results specifically in T cell death. 
B)  is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells AND results specifically in T cell death. 
C)  results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells. 
D)  is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells. 
E)  refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells. 
A)  is a form of programmed cell death AND results specifically in T cell death. 
B)  is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells AND results specifically in T cell death. 
C)  results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells. 
D)  is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells. 
E)  refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells.

Question 5

Giant cells are

Accepted Answer

A)  a fusion of B cells. 
B)  a fusion of T cells. 
C)  used to contain bacterial infections. 
D)  activated T helper cells. 
E)  used to engulf very large pathogens. 
A)  a fusion of B cells. 
B)  a fusion of T cells. 
C)  used to contain bacterial infections. 
D)  activated T helper cells. 
E)  used to engulf very large pathogens.

Question 6

Which class of antibody accounts for most of the circulating antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgM

Question 7

You describe for your patient the sequence of events that occurs when a B cell is activated. Please select the correct order of statements.
1) TH cells recognize the presented antigen-MHC complex on the B cell and bind to it. 
2) B cell receptor binds to an antigen and the antigen is internalized by endocytosis.
3) The bound TH delivers cytokines to the B cell that initiate the process of clonal expansion of that particular B cell.
4) The antigen is degraded and peptide fragments are expressed at the B cell membrane with MHC class II molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2, 3, 4 
B)  4, 3, 1, 2 
C)  1, 3, 2, 4 
D)  2, 3, 1, 4 
E)  2, 4, 1, 3 
A)  1, 2, 3, 4 
B)  4, 3, 1, 2 
C)  1, 3, 2, 4 
D)  2, 3, 1, 4 
E)  2, 4, 1, 3

Question 8

Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (non-denatured) counterpart? Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes; epitopes are just a sequence of amino acids in a row, so they do not change regardless of 3D shape of the protein molecule they lie within. 
B)  Yes; all proteins must be broken down into individual epitopes for presentation to B and T cells on MHC molecules, so each antigen protein MUST be denatured to yield ANY epitopes. 
C)  No; ALL epitopes are dependent on being in the proper original 3D conformation of the protein. Denaturing them would destroy them by destroying that conformation. 
D)  No; denaturing an antigen results in epitopes with a different amino acid sequence from those on an intact antigen, so they are not the same at all. 
E)  Yes AND No; SOME epitopes are dependent on 3D conformation (conformational epitopes), while some simply depend on the sequence of amino acids (linear epitopes). So, really, it depends on the particular epitope. 
A)  Yes; epitopes are just a sequence of amino acids in a row, so they do not change regardless of 3D shape of the protein molecule they lie within. 
B)  Yes; all proteins must be broken down into individual epitopes for presentation to B and T cells on MHC molecules, so each antigen protein MUST be denatured to yield ANY epitopes. 
C)  No; ALL epitopes are dependent on being in the proper original 3D conformation of the protein. Denaturing them would destroy them by destroying that conformation. 
D)  No; denaturing an antigen results in epitopes with a different amino acid sequence from those on an intact antigen, so they are not the same at all. 
E)  Yes AND No; SOME epitopes are dependent on 3D conformation (conformational epitopes), while some simply depend on the sequence of amino acids (linear epitopes). So, really, it depends on the particular epitope.

Question 9

You explain to your patient the role of cytotoxic T cells in immunity, telling her that

Accepted Answer

A)  TC cells induce apoptosis in infected "self" cells. 
B)  TC produce antibodies AND TC destroy cancerous "self" cells. 
C)  TC destroy cancerous "self" cells AND TC cells induce apoptosis in infected "self" cells. 
D)  TC cells activate B cells AND TC cells induce apoptosis in infected "self" cells. 
E)  TC cells activate B cells and macrophages AND TC cells produce antibodies AND TC destroy cancerous "self" cells 
A)  TC cells induce apoptosis in infected "self" cells. 
B)  TC produce antibodies AND TC destroy cancerous "self" cells. 
C)  TC destroy cancerous "self" cells AND TC cells induce apoptosis in infected "self" cells. 
D)  TC cells activate B cells AND TC cells induce apoptosis in infected "self" cells. 
E)  TC cells activate B cells and macrophages AND TC cells produce antibodies AND TC destroy cancerous "self" cells

Question 10

Class II MHC molecules are found primarily on

Accepted Answer

A)  macrophages AND erythrocytes. 
B)  dendritic cells AND erythrocytes. 
C)  T cytotoxic cells AND dendritic cells. 
D)  macrophages AND dendritic cells. 
E)  T cytotoxic cells AND macrophages 
A)  macrophages AND erythrocytes. 
B)  dendritic cells AND erythrocytes. 
C)  T cytotoxic cells AND dendritic cells. 
D)  macrophages AND dendritic cells. 
E)  T cytotoxic cells AND macrophages

Question 11

Gene rearrangement is responsible for the generation of the various antibody molecules.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Please select the CORRECT statement regarding MHC molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules. 
B)  Dendritic cells are the only cells that make MHC class II molecules. 
C)  All nucleated cells express MHC class II molecules. 
D)  Helper T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules. 
E)  Endogenous antigens are presented on MHC class II molecules. 
A)  Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules. 
B)  Dendritic cells are the only cells that make MHC class II molecules. 
C)  All nucleated cells express MHC class II molecules. 
D)  Helper T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules. 
E)  Endogenous antigens are presented on MHC class II molecules.

Question 13

There are ________ class(es) of antibody.

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  three 
C)  five 
D)  seven 
E)  twelve 
A)  one 
B)  three 
C)  five 
D)  seven 
E)  twelve

Question 14

Your friend Ellie is pregnant. She tells you that her mother, a microbiologist, has warned her not to clean out the cat's litter box while she is pregnant in case she contracts a disease called toxoplasmosis, which can affect her fetus. She says her mom told her toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii, that may be found in the feces of infected cats and also in raw meat. Your friend's mom tells her that when a person has not had a particular disease, they are not immune to the pathogen that causes the disease, and lack antibodies against that microbe. Your friend has never had toxoplasmosis but she doesn't quite understand why this, and the fact that she doesn't have antibodies to T. gondii, is important. You help her understand some facts about her adaptive immune system.
-A fetus is protected by maternal antibodies that cross the placenta. You explain to Ellie that the fetus

Accepted Answer

A)  is protected by both maternal IgG and maternal IgM, because these can easily cross the placenta. 
B)  is protected by maternal IgM but not by maternal IgG, because IgM can cross the placenta but IgG cannot because it is a pentamer. 
C)  will make large amounts of its own IgG and IgM immediately if the mother contracts some type of pathogen. 
D)  is protected by maternal IgG but not by maternal IgM-IgG can cross the placenta but IgM cannot because it is a pentamer. 
E)  will make its own IgG if the mother contracts any type of pathogen; it cannot make IgM because this is a pentamer. 
A)  is protected by both maternal IgG and maternal IgM, because these can easily cross the placenta. 
B)  is protected by maternal IgM but not by maternal IgG, because IgM can cross the placenta but IgG cannot because it is a pentamer. 
C)  will make large amounts of its own IgG and IgM immediately if the mother contracts some type of pathogen. 
D)  is protected by maternal IgG but not by maternal IgM-IgG can cross the placenta but IgM cannot because it is a pentamer. 
E)  will make its own IgG if the mother contracts any type of pathogen; it cannot make IgM because this is a pentamer.

Question 15

Which of the following does NOT form a memory population after activation and differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells. 
B)  T cytotoxic cells. 
C)  T helper cells. 
D)  Macrophages. 
E)  These all form memory cells. 
A)  B cells. 
B)  T cytotoxic cells. 
C)  T helper cells. 
D)  Macrophages. 
E)  These all form memory cells.

Question 16

Identify the role(s) of natural killer cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  Phagocytosis of virus infected cells AND production of cytokines that help regulate and direct certain immune responses. 
B)  Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity AND negative selection of lymphocytes that recognize normal "self" molecules AND regulation and direction of certain immune responses. 
C)  Destruction of stressed host cells such as those infected with viruses AND negative selection of lymphocytes that fail to recognize normal "self" molecules. 
D)  Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity OR destruction of stressed host cells such as those infected with viruses. 
E)  Regulation and direction of certain immune responses AND phagocytosis of virus infected cells AND stimulation of MHC class I molecules. 
A)  Phagocytosis of virus infected cells AND production of cytokines that help regulate and direct certain immune responses. 
B)  Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity AND negative selection of lymphocytes that recognize normal "self" molecules AND regulation and direction of certain immune responses. 
C)  Destruction of stressed host cells such as those infected with viruses AND negative selection of lymphocytes that fail to recognize normal "self" molecules. 
D)  Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity OR destruction of stressed host cells such as those infected with viruses. 
E)  Regulation and direction of certain immune responses AND phagocytosis of virus infected cells AND stimulation of MHC class I molecules.

Question 17

IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin made by the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which is the first antibody class made during the primary response to an antigen?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgA 
B)  IgM 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgD 
A)  IgA 
B)  IgM 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgE 
E)  IgD

Question 19

Antigens may be processed for presentation by

Accepted Answer

A)  macrophages AND erythrocytes. 
B)  dendritic cells AND erythrocytes. 
C)  erythrocytes, macrophages, AND dendritic cells. 
D)  T cytotoxic cells, B cells, AND dendritic cells. 
E)  macrophages, B cells, AND dendritic cells. 
A)  macrophages AND erythrocytes. 
B)  dendritic cells AND erythrocytes. 
C)  erythrocytes, macrophages, AND dendritic cells. 
D)  T cytotoxic cells, B cells, AND dendritic cells. 
E)  macrophages, B cells, AND dendritic cells.

Question 20

You inform your patient that the human body has several mechanisms of defense: innate immunity, which is routine protection present at birth, and adaptive immunity, which is a more specific response that develops after birth. You tell your patient that her adaptive immune response uses two basic strategies for eliminating foreign material: humoral immunity, which involves ________ and cell-mediated immunity, which involves ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes 
B)  B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes 
C)  T lymphocytes; NK cells 
D)  B cells; neutrophils 
E)  neutrophils; macrophages 
A)  T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes 
B)  B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes 
C)  T lymphocytes; NK cells 
D)  B cells; neutrophils 
E)  neutrophils; macrophages

Exam 15: The Adaptive Immune Response

Which of the following class of antibody is primarily found in external secretions?

The scientist who received the first Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on antibody therapy was

Antibody and antigen are held to one another by covalent bonds.

Apoptosis

Giant cells are

Which class of antibody accounts for most of the circulating antibodies?

Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (non-denatured) counterpart? Why?

You explain to your patient the role of cytotoxic T cells in immunity, telling her that

Class II MHC molecules are found primarily on

Gene rearrangement is responsible for the generation of the various antibody molecules.

Please select the CORRECT statement regarding MHC molecules.

There are ________ class(es) of antibody.

Which of the following does NOT form a memory population after activation and differentiation?

Identify the role(s) of natural killer cells.

IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin made by the body.

Which is the first antibody class made during the primary response to an antigen?

Antigens may be processed for presentation by

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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