Question 1

In which of the following does a rash start on the palms and soles and progress toward the trunk?

Accepted Answer

A)  Epidemic typhus 
B)  Typhoid 
C)  Measles 
D)  Impetigo 
E)  Rocky Mountain spotted fever 
A)  Epidemic typhus 
B)  Typhoid 
C)  Measles 
D)  Impetigo 
E)  Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 2

Which of the following may aid Staphylococcus in resisting phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Leukocidin 
B)  Hemolysin 
C)  Granulation enzyme 
D)  Coagulase 
E)  Lipase 
A)  Leukocidin 
B)  Hemolysin 
C)  Granulation enzyme 
D)  Coagulase 
E)  Lipase

Question 3

You are studying for your NCLEX exams with a group of friends. Each of you presents a case study to the other students in your group. Your friend Sue gives the following information in her case study: the patient is a child, who presents with a high fever (41S1U1P1oS1S1P0C) and a rash. The parents report that three days prior to the onset of the rash, the child had a runny nose, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis, all of which they thought indicated influenza. The child has not received any of the common recommended vaccines because until recently, he had been receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia that was diagnosed at 9 months.
-Your patient comments that she has noticed the same signs and symptoms on her grandmother who has Alzheimer's diasese and who uses adult diapers. She asks you whether it is possible that her grandmother also has a Candida infection. You tell her

Accepted Answer

A)  No. Candida is part of the skin normal microbiota of infants only. This organism is never present on the skin of older adults. 
B)  Yes. Candida is present among the skin normal microbiota and may cause infection in anyone who wears a diaper, regardless of age. 
C)  No. Older adults have an exceptionally strong immune system and so are unlikely to develop a fungal skin infection. 
D)  Yes. The older an individual gets, the more Candida cells accumulate on their skin, so it is only a matter of time before the person develops a skin infection. 
E)  No. Older adults have extremely oily skin. Sebum (skin oil) has natural antifungal properties, so the chances of an adult developing a fungal infection are very small. 
A)  No. Candida is part of the skin normal microbiota of infants only. This organism is never present on the skin of older adults. 
B)  Yes. Candida is present among the skin normal microbiota and may cause infection in anyone who wears a diaper, regardless of age. 
C)  No. Older adults have an exceptionally strong immune system and so are unlikely to develop a fungal skin infection. 
D)  Yes. The older an individual gets, the more Candida cells accumulate on their skin, so it is only a matter of time before the person develops a skin infection. 
E)  No. Older adults have extremely oily skin. Sebum (skin oil) has natural antifungal properties, so the chances of an adult developing a fungal infection are very small.

Question 4

The bacteria that appear to maintain balance between the members of the normal microbiota and play a vital role in limiting colonization by pathogens are

Accepted Answer

A)  staphylococci. 
B)  diphtheroids. 
C)  Candida spp. 
D)  Malassezia spp. 
E)  streptococci. 
A)  staphylococci. 
B)  diphtheroids. 
C)  Candida spp. 
D)  Malassezia spp. 
E)  streptococci.

Question 5

Which of the following is not involved in the pathogenesis of RMSF?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pathogen releases an A-B toxin that attaches to receptors on TH cell cytoplasmic membranes, leading to destruction of those cells. 
B)  Endotoxin released into the bloodstream from the rickettsial cell walls results in systemic inflammation. 
C)  Disseminated intravascular coagulation that leads to organ damage may occur following release of endotoxin into the bloodstream. 
D)  Host cells rupture following damage caused by bacterial cells propelling themselves from one cell to another. 
E)  Vasculitis leads to clotting and small areas of necrosis, causing a hemorrhagic skin rash and damaging tissue in the brain, heart, kidneys, and other organs. 
A)  The pathogen releases an A-B toxin that attaches to receptors on TH cell cytoplasmic membranes, leading to destruction of those cells. 
B)  Endotoxin released into the bloodstream from the rickettsial cell walls results in systemic inflammation. 
C)  Disseminated intravascular coagulation that leads to organ damage may occur following release of endotoxin into the bloodstream. 
D)  Host cells rupture following damage caused by bacterial cells propelling themselves from one cell to another. 
E)  Vasculitis leads to clotting and small areas of necrosis, causing a hemorrhagic skin rash and damaging tissue in the brain, heart, kidneys, and other organs.

Question 6

The protein produced by S. aureus that interferes with phagocytosis is

Accepted Answer

A)  M protein. 
B)  collagen. 
C)  protein A. 
D)  capsular protein. 
E)  flagellin. 
A)  M protein. 
B)  collagen. 
C)  protein A. 
D)  capsular protein. 
E)  flagellin.

Question 7

After being bitten by an infected tick, transfer of the rickettsial organism occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  within 4-10 hours. 
B)  within 20 minutes. 
C)  within 5 minutes. 
D)  immediately. 
E)  after 7 days. 
A)  within 4-10 hours. 
B)  within 20 minutes. 
C)  within 5 minutes. 
D)  immediately. 
E)  after 7 days.

Question 8

Which of the following virulence factors used by Staphylococcus puts holes in host cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protein A 
B)  Alpha toxin 
C)  Leukocidin 
D)  Clumping factor 
E)  Membrane attack complex 
A)  Protein A 
B)  Alpha toxin 
C)  Leukocidin 
D)  Clumping factor 
E)  Membrane attack complex

Question 9

In many people, the growth of C. acnes within hair follicles leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  eczema. 
B)  carbuncles. 
C)  boils. 
D)  acne. 
E)  all of these. 
A)  eczema. 
B)  carbuncles. 
C)  boils. 
D)  acne. 
E)  all of these.

Question 10

A common viral rash of childhood with the popular name chickenpox is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  bariola. 
B)  rubella. 
C)  rubeola. 
D)  varicella-zoster. 
E)  salmonella. 
A)  bariola. 
B)  rubella. 
C)  rubeola. 
D)  varicella-zoster. 
E)  salmonella.

Question 11

Reactivation of chickenpox is called

Accepted Answer

A)  shingles. 
B)  herpes zoster. 
C)  pneumonia. 
D)  exanthems. 
E)  shingles AND herpes zoster. 
A)  shingles. 
B)  herpes zoster. 
C)  pneumonia. 
D)  exanthems. 
E)  shingles AND herpes zoster.

Question 12

Which description of vegetative Bacillus anthracis is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an endospore-forming, Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. 
B)  It is an endospore-forming, Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. 
C)  It is a Gram-positive, non-motile, spherical, encapsulated bacterium. 
D)  It is a Gram-positive, non-motile, encapsulated, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. 
E)  It is an acid-fast, non-motile, spherical, nonspore-forming, encapsulated bacterium. 
A)  It is an endospore-forming, Gram-positive, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. 
B)  It is an endospore-forming, Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. 
C)  It is a Gram-positive, non-motile, spherical, encapsulated bacterium. 
D)  It is a Gram-positive, non-motile, encapsulated, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. 
E)  It is an acid-fast, non-motile, spherical, nonspore-forming, encapsulated bacterium.

Question 13

Who would have larger numbers of bacteria living on the surface of their skin-a person living in the tropics or in the desert, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tropics would provide more shade, so the surface of the skin wouldn't be exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. This would protect the bacteria on the skin, and they would have higher numbers due to this shading effect. 
B)  The very low humidity of the desert would lead to rapid evaporation of sweat and sebum from an individual's skin. Bacteria need these secretions for a nutrient source. Without them, bacteria would be found in much lower numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics. 
C)  The constant secretion of high amounts of sweat would produce a highly salty environment on the skin of a person in the tropics. This would provide a local environment that would be too hostile for microbes to survive, so the number of microbes on the skin of the person in the tropics would be lower than that of the person in the desert. 
D)  The constant secretion of large amounts of sweat would wash bacteria off of the skin of the person in the tropics. As such, the person in the desert should have much more bacteria on their skin than the person in the tropics would. 
E)  The very high humidity of the desert would lead to slow evaporation of sweat and sebum from a person's skin. Bacteria thrive on these secretions, using them for a nutrient source. Thus bacteria would be found in much higher numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics. 
A)  The tropics would provide more shade, so the surface of the skin wouldn't be exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. This would protect the bacteria on the skin, and they would have higher numbers due to this shading effect. 
B)  The very low humidity of the desert would lead to rapid evaporation of sweat and sebum from an individual's skin. Bacteria need these secretions for a nutrient source. Without them, bacteria would be found in much lower numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics. 
C)  The constant secretion of high amounts of sweat would produce a highly salty environment on the skin of a person in the tropics. This would provide a local environment that would be too hostile for microbes to survive, so the number of microbes on the skin of the person in the tropics would be lower than that of the person in the desert. 
D)  The constant secretion of large amounts of sweat would wash bacteria off of the skin of the person in the tropics. As such, the person in the desert should have much more bacteria on their skin than the person in the tropics would. 
E)  The very high humidity of the desert would lead to slow evaporation of sweat and sebum from a person's skin. Bacteria thrive on these secretions, using them for a nutrient source. Thus bacteria would be found in much higher numbers on the skin of a person in the desert than the skin of the person in the tropics.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT True about diphtheroids?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are part of the normal microbiota of the skin. 
B)  They are responsible for body odor. 
C)  They include Cutibacterium acnes. 
D)  They include Malassezia species. 
E)  These are all True. 
A)  They are part of the normal microbiota of the skin. 
B)  They are responsible for body odor. 
C)  They include Cutibacterium acnes. 
D)  They include Malassezia species. 
E)  These are all True.

Question 15

Why does the rash of shingles occur in only a limited region, as opposed to the widespread rash of chickenpox?

Accepted Answer

A)  In chickenpox, the replicating virus originates from multiple infected nerve cells, while in shingles it is limited to the bloodstream. 
B)  In shingles, the replicating virus originates from a single infected nerve cell, while in chickenpox it is spread throughout the bloodstream. 
C)  In chickenpox, the virus spreads through the bloodstream to all parts of the body, while in shingles, the virus remains in the chest area after inhalation. 
D)  The chickenpox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus that is able to infect any nucleated cells, while the shingles virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that only infects epidermal cells. 
E)  This question is misleading because the rash of both chickenpox and shingles is widespread throughout the body. 
A)  In chickenpox, the replicating virus originates from multiple infected nerve cells, while in shingles it is limited to the bloodstream. 
B)  In shingles, the replicating virus originates from a single infected nerve cell, while in chickenpox it is spread throughout the bloodstream. 
C)  In chickenpox, the virus spreads through the bloodstream to all parts of the body, while in shingles, the virus remains in the chest area after inhalation. 
D)  The chickenpox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus that is able to infect any nucleated cells, while the shingles virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that only infects epidermal cells. 
E)  This question is misleading because the rash of both chickenpox and shingles is widespread throughout the body.

Question 16

Which of the following may be added to normal media to make it more selective for staphylococci?

Accepted Answer

A)  7.5% salt 
B)  0.5% HCl 
C)  1.0% glucose 
D)  5.0% mannose 
E)  1.0% glucose AND 0.5% HCl 
A)  7.5% salt 
B)  0.5% HCl 
C)  1.0% glucose 
D)  5.0% mannose 
E)  1.0% glucose AND 0.5% HCl

Question 17

Rubella is a member of which virus family?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paramyxoviridae 
B)  Herpesviridae 
C)  Togaviridae 
D)  Papovaviridae 
E)  Retroviridae 
A)  Paramyxoviridae 
B)  Herpesviridae 
C)  Togaviridae 
D)  Papovaviridae 
E)  Retroviridae

Question 18

Confirmation of the rubeola diagnosis can by made by

Accepted Answer

A)  measuring the intensity of the rash. 
B)  presence of rubella antibodies in the blood. 
C)  detecting Koplik spots on the oral mucosa. 
D)  detecting rubeola viruses using a Gram stain. 
E)  treating the patient with antibiotics. 
A)  measuring the intensity of the rash. 
B)  presence of rubella antibodies in the blood. 
C)  detecting Koplik spots on the oral mucosa. 
D)  detecting rubeola viruses using a Gram stain. 
E)  treating the patient with antibiotics.

Question 19

Rubeola can be effectively prevented with the MMR vaccine. The child in this case has not received any vaccines, because he has been receiving chemotherapy. Why wasn't he given the MMR vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an attenuated vaccine and there is a small risk that the virus used in it may revert to virulence, causing serious illness in the immunocompromised patient. 
B)  It is an inactivated vaccine and there is a small risk that the virus used in it may revert to virulence, causing serious illness in the immunocompromised patient. 
C)  The MMR vaccine is known to cause complications such as autism, and this child already has enough problems with leukemia. 
D)  It is a toxoid vaccine-these vaccines contain deactivated microbial toxins; since the child is severely immunocompromised, the toxin used in the vaccine will damage all of his cells. 
E)  The patient is a child, so will not be able to tolerate any egg proteins that may be present in the MMR vaccine, which is produced in eggs. 
A)  It is an attenuated vaccine and there is a small risk that the virus used in it may revert to virulence, causing serious illness in the immunocompromised patient. 
B)  It is an inactivated vaccine and there is a small risk that the virus used in it may revert to virulence, causing serious illness in the immunocompromised patient. 
C)  The MMR vaccine is known to cause complications such as autism, and this child already has enough problems with leukemia. 
D)  It is a toxoid vaccine-these vaccines contain deactivated microbial toxins; since the child is severely immunocompromised, the toxin used in the vaccine will damage all of his cells. 
E)  The patient is a child, so will not be able to tolerate any egg proteins that may be present in the MMR vaccine, which is produced in eggs.

Question 20

Which is considered the most serious staphylococcal skin infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  Tinea versicolor 
B)  Carbuncles 
C)  Folliculitis 
D)  Furuncles 
E)  Acne 
A)  Tinea versicolor 
B)  Carbuncles 
C)  Folliculitis 
D)  Furuncles 
E)  Acne

Exam 22: Skin Infections

In which of the following does a rash start on the palms and soles and progress toward the trunk?

Which of the following may aid Staphylococcus in resisting phagocytosis?

The bacteria that appear to maintain balance between the members of the normal microbiota and play a vital role in limiting colonization by pathogens are

Which of the following is not involved in the pathogenesis of RMSF?

The protein produced by S. aureus that interferes with phagocytosis is

After being bitten by an infected tick, transfer of the rickettsial organism occurs

Which of the following virulence factors used by Staphylococcus puts holes in host cells?

In many people, the growth of C. acnes within hair follicles leads to

A common viral rash of childhood with the popular name chickenpox is also known as

Reactivation of chickenpox is called

Which description of vegetative Bacillus anthracis is correct?

Who would have larger numbers of bacteria living on the surface of their skin-a person living in the tropics or in the desert, and why?

Which of the following is NOT True about diphtheroids?

Why does the rash of shingles occur in only a limited region, as opposed to the widespread rash of chickenpox?

Which of the following may be added to normal media to make it more selective for staphylococci?

Rubella is a member of which virus family?

Confirmation of the rubeola diagnosis can by made by

Rubeola can be effectively prevented with the MMR vaccine. The child in this case has not received any vaccines, because he has been receiving chemotherapy. Why wasn't he given the MMR vaccine?

Which is considered the most serious staphylococcal skin infection?

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Respiratory System Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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