Question 1

The scientist who developed a system of identifying the variety of strains of streptococci was

Accepted Answer

A)  Hans Zimmer. 
B)  Donald Sutherland. 
C)  O. T. Avery. 
D)  Rebecca Lancefield. 
E)  Louis Pasteur. 
A)  Hans Zimmer. 
B)  Donald Sutherland. 
C)  O. T. Avery. 
D)  Rebecca Lancefield. 
E)  Louis Pasteur.

Question 2

The causative agent of the pneumonia that results in permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial, and has a high mortality if untreated is

Accepted Answer

A)  S. pneumoniae. 
B)  K. pneumoniae. 
C)  S. pyogenes. 
D)  S. aureus. 
E)  M. pneumoniae. 
A)  S. pneumoniae. 
B)  K. pneumoniae. 
C)  S. pyogenes. 
D)  S. aureus. 
E)  M. pneumoniae.

Question 3

Rhinoviruses are effectively treated with antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

What is the most likely reason why smokers are more at risk for respiratory system infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cigarette smoke is carcinogenic (cancer-causing), leading to a much higher incidence of lung cancer. 
B)  They aren't; this is just a rumor used to get people to stop smoking. 
C)  Smokers take in microbes from their hands into their lungs as they handle cigarettes and inhale the smoke. 
D)  Tobacco contains viruses that are inhaled when a person smokes; these cause respiratory infections. 
E)  Chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract. 
A)  Cigarette smoke is carcinogenic (cancer-causing), leading to a much higher incidence of lung cancer. 
B)  They aren't; this is just a rumor used to get people to stop smoking. 
C)  Smokers take in microbes from their hands into their lungs as they handle cigarettes and inhale the smoke. 
D)  Tobacco contains viruses that are inhaled when a person smokes; these cause respiratory infections. 
E)  Chemicals in cigarette smoke can impair the mucociliary escalator, preventing natural cleansing of the respiratory tract.

Question 5

Which statement regarding common colds and adenoviral respiratory tract infections is True?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fever is a sign of adenoviral respiratory tract infections, but is not a sign for the common cold. 
B)  The incubation period for adenoviral respiratory tract infections is 1-2 days, while that for common colds is 5-10 days. 
C)  Cold viruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses while adenoviruses are non-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. 
D)  Cold viruses may cause infections other than respiratory infections while adenoviruses only cause upper respiratory tract infections. 
E)  Adenoviral respiratory tract infections may also be caused by bacteria while the common cold is always caused by a virus of some kind. 
A)  Fever is a sign of adenoviral respiratory tract infections, but is not a sign for the common cold. 
B)  The incubation period for adenoviral respiratory tract infections is 1-2 days, while that for common colds is 5-10 days. 
C)  Cold viruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses while adenoviruses are non-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. 
D)  Cold viruses may cause infections other than respiratory infections while adenoviruses only cause upper respiratory tract infections. 
E)  Adenoviral respiratory tract infections may also be caused by bacteria while the common cold is always caused by a virus of some kind.

Question 6

Mycoplasmal and Klebsiella pneumonias

Accepted Answer

A)  have similar incubation periods. 
B)  have causative agents that lack cell walls. 
C)  are serious diseases often requiring hospitalization. 
D)  are both relatively mild diseases. 
E)  None of the choices is correct. 
A)  have similar incubation periods. 
B)  have causative agents that lack cell walls. 
C)  are serious diseases often requiring hospitalization. 
D)  are both relatively mild diseases. 
E)  None of the choices is correct.

Question 7

The signs and symptoms of adenovirus respiratory tract infections may be confused with those of

Accepted Answer

A)  pneumonia AND tuberculosis. 
B)  tuberculosis AND diphtheria. 
C)  pertussis AND pneumonia. 
D)  strep throat AND pneumonia. 
E)  strep throat AND pertussis. 
A)  pneumonia AND tuberculosis. 
B)  tuberculosis AND diphtheria. 
C)  pertussis AND pneumonia. 
D)  strep throat AND pneumonia. 
E)  strep throat AND pertussis.

Question 8

How are pleurisy and pneumonia are different?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pleurisy is inflammation of the lungs (not necessarily due to a microbe), while pneumonia is microbial infection of the linings that surround the lungs. 
B)  Pneumonia is active microbial infection of the lungs, while pleurisy is inflammation of the linings that surround the lungs (not necessarily due to a microbe). 
C)  Pleurisy is caused by viruses (single-stranded or double-stranded RN
A) , while pneumonia is caused by bacteria (Gram-positive only). 
D)  Pneumonia is caused by viruses (single-stranded or double-stranded DN
A) , while pleurisy is caused by bacteria (Gram-negative or Gram-positive). 
E)  Pneumonia is always a fatal infection and cannot be easily treated while pleurisy is not-treatment of this condition is by antiviral medications. 
A)  Pleurisy is inflammation of the lungs (not necessarily due to a microbe), while pneumonia is microbial infection of the linings that surround the lungs. 
B)  Pneumonia is active microbial infection of the lungs, while pleurisy is inflammation of the linings that surround the lungs (not necessarily due to a microbe). 
C)  Pleurisy is caused by viruses (single-stranded or double-stranded RN
A) , while pneumonia is caused by bacteria (Gram-positive only). 
D)  Pneumonia is caused by viruses (single-stranded or double-stranded DN
A) , while pleurisy is caused by bacteria (Gram-negative or Gram-positive). 
E)  Pneumonia is always a fatal infection and cannot be easily treated while pleurisy is not-treatment of this condition is by antiviral medications.

Question 9

In which disease are monoclonal antibodies against PA protein used as treatment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inhalation anthrax 
B)  Legionellosis 
C)  Pertussis 
D)  Pneumococcal pneumonia 
E)  Influenza 
A)  Inhalation anthrax 
B)  Legionellosis 
C)  Pertussis 
D)  Pneumococcal pneumonia 
E)  Influenza

Question 10

Why are pneumococcal pneumonia infections so dangerous in nursing homes?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a vaccine for protecting children against pneumococcal pneumonia but no vaccine available for protection of older adults. 
B)  There is no longer an antibiotic effective against the infection, and older adults are unable to fight the infection without medication. 
C)  This type of pneumonia causes permanent lung damage, and old people often have impaired lung function in the first place. 
D)  The immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia. 
E)  This question is misleading. Pneumococcal infections are not dangerous. 
A)  There is a vaccine for protecting children against pneumococcal pneumonia but no vaccine available for protection of older adults. 
B)  There is no longer an antibiotic effective against the infection, and older adults are unable to fight the infection without medication. 
C)  This type of pneumonia causes permanent lung damage, and old people often have impaired lung function in the first place. 
D)  The immune system of older people is usually impaired, leaving them predisposed to more serious and potentially life-threatening pneumonia. 
E)  This question is misleading. Pneumococcal infections are not dangerous.

Question 11

You are an RN working in the emergency department (ED) at a major hospital in New York City. During one shift, you see two patients who are exhibiting coughing with blood-containing sputum, and shortness of breath. Both patients report that they have experienced headaches, muscle aches, high fever, confusion, and shaking chills in the days preceding their ED visit. One of the patients also has some digestive tract symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. You discover that the patients live in the same apartment building, although they do not know each other. You suspect that they have a type of pneumonia, and given the circumstances, think it may be legionellosis. You read up on this disease to refresh your memory about it.
-Select the False statement regarding legionellosis and its causative agent.

Accepted Answer

A)  The causative organism survives well in the water systems of buildings, particularly in hot water systems, where chlorine levels are generally low. 
B)  People become infected with L. pneumophila when they inhale aerosol droplets contaminated with the organism. It is not acquired from other infected individuals. 
C)  L. pneumophila produces a β-lactamase, which makes it resistant to many penicillins and some cephalosporins, so is typically treated with a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone. 
D)  Legionella pneumophila is an obligate intracellular parasite that survives in ameba in the environment and in kupffer cells in infected people. 
E)  L. pneumophila prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion in phagocytes, thus avoiding destruction; the bacteria manipulate conditions to multiply within these cells. 
A)  The causative organism survives well in the water systems of buildings, particularly in hot water systems, where chlorine levels are generally low. 
B)  People become infected with L. pneumophila when they inhale aerosol droplets contaminated with the organism. It is not acquired from other infected individuals. 
C)  L. pneumophila produces a β-lactamase, which makes it resistant to many penicillins and some cephalosporins, so is typically treated with a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone. 
D)  Legionella pneumophila is an obligate intracellular parasite that survives in ameba in the environment and in kupffer cells in infected people. 
E)  L. pneumophila prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion in phagocytes, thus avoiding destruction; the bacteria manipulate conditions to multiply within these cells.

Question 12

Which antibiotics may be completely ineffective in treating a mycoplasmal infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  Penicillin AND tetracycline 
B)  Penicillin AND cephalosporin 
C)  Tetracycline AND cephalosporin 
D)  Cephalosporin AND erythromycin 
E)  Erythromycin AND tetracycline 
A)  Penicillin AND tetracycline 
B)  Penicillin AND cephalosporin 
C)  Tetracycline AND cephalosporin 
D)  Cephalosporin AND erythromycin 
E)  Erythromycin AND tetracycline

Question 13

Your son comes home from school complaining that he is ill. He tells you he thinks he has the flu—he has a sore throat, runny nose, and a cough, and his eyes are very red. Everyone in your family received a influenza vaccine about a month ago, and as the CDC reports that this year's vaccine is approximately 70% effective, you think it is unlikely that your son does in fact have this disease. In addition, your son does not seem to have muscle aches or a headache, which generally occur with flu. Nonetheless, he does look ill and when you take his temperature, you find that he has a fever of 38.9S1U1P1oS1S1P0C. You take him to see his doctor, because you suspect that while your son likely does not have influenza, he also does not have a common cold.
-The RADT and throat culture are both negative for Streptococcus pyogenes, the causative agent of strep throat. The doctor tells you that your son likely has an adenoviral respiratory tract infection. Adenoviruses are resistant to destruction by detergents and alcohol solutions. This indicates that these viruses

Accepted Answer

A)  are double-stranded RNA viruses. 
B)  are non-enveloped viruses. 
C)  are enveloped viruses. 
D)  are endospore-formers. 
E)  are also resistant to multiple antibiotics. 
A)  are double-stranded RNA viruses. 
B)  are non-enveloped viruses. 
C)  are enveloped viruses. 
D)  are endospore-formers. 
E)  are also resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Question 14

Antigenic shifts may be the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  two different viruses infecting a cell at the same time. 
B)  the lysogenic conversion of two viruses. 
C)  conjugation of two viruses. 
D)  blending of a bacterial and a viral genome. 
E)  the lysogenic conversion of two viruses AND blending of a bacterial and viral genome. 
A)  two different viruses infecting a cell at the same time. 
B)  the lysogenic conversion of two viruses. 
C)  conjugation of two viruses. 
D)  blending of a bacterial and a viral genome. 
E)  the lysogenic conversion of two viruses AND blending of a bacterial and viral genome.

Question 15

Two relatively widespread North American lung mycoses are

Accepted Answer

A)  candidiasis and coccidioidomycosis. 
B)  candidiasis and aspergillosis. 
C)  aspergillosis and Reyes syndrome. 
D)  coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. 
E)  None of the choices is correct. 
A)  candidiasis and coccidioidomycosis. 
B)  candidiasis and aspergillosis. 
C)  aspergillosis and Reyes syndrome. 
D)  coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. 
E)  None of the choices is correct.

Question 16

Which of the following proteins produced by B. anthracis function together to kill phagocytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Local factor, protective antigen, AND edema factor. 
B)  Lethal factor, protective antigen, AND edema factor. 
C)  Local factor, protective antibody, AND edema factor. 
D)  Lethal factor, protective antigen, AND endotoxin. 
E)  Lethal factor, protective antibody, AND endotoxin. 
A)  Local factor, protective antigen, AND edema factor. 
B)  Lethal factor, protective antigen, AND edema factor. 
C)  Local factor, protective antibody, AND edema factor. 
D)  Lethal factor, protective antigen, AND endotoxin. 
E)  Lethal factor, protective antibody, AND endotoxin.

Question 17

Why is legionellosis not treated with β-lactam medications?

Accepted Answer

A)  The causative organism produces β-lactamases, so is resistant to many of these medications. 
B)  The medication must be able to accumulate within alveolar macrophages to be effective, which β-lactam antibiotics do poorly. 
C)  The causative organism produces β-lactamases, so is resistant to many of these medications AND the causative organism is acid-fast, so has mycolic acids and waxes in the cell wall that β-lactams cannot penetrate. 
D)  The causative organism is acid-fast, so has mycolic acids and waxes in the cell wall that β-lactams cannot penetrate AND the causative organism produces endospores so is highly resistant to these medications. 
E)  The medication must be able to accumulate within alveolar macrophages to be effective, which β-lactam antibiotics do poorly AND the causative organism produces β-lactamases, so is resistant to many of these medications. 
A)  The causative organism produces β-lactamases, so is resistant to many of these medications. 
B)  The medication must be able to accumulate within alveolar macrophages to be effective, which β-lactam antibiotics do poorly. 
C)  The causative organism produces β-lactamases, so is resistant to many of these medications AND the causative organism is acid-fast, so has mycolic acids and waxes in the cell wall that β-lactams cannot penetrate. 
D)  The causative organism is acid-fast, so has mycolic acids and waxes in the cell wall that β-lactams cannot penetrate AND the causative organism produces endospores so is highly resistant to these medications. 
E)  The medication must be able to accumulate within alveolar macrophages to be effective, which β-lactam antibiotics do poorly AND the causative organism produces β-lactamases, so is resistant to many of these medications.

Question 18

Virulence factors used by S. pyogenes include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  protein F. 
B)  M protein. 
C)  a capsule. 
D)  lipopolysaccharide 
E)  protein G. 
A)  protein F. 
B)  M protein. 
C)  a capsule. 
D)  lipopolysaccharide 
E)  protein G.

Question 19

Mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Histoplasmosis may mimic tuberculosis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 21: Respiratory System Infections

The scientist who developed a system of identifying the variety of strains of streptococci was

The causative agent of the pneumonia that results in permanent lung damage, may be nosocomial, and has a high mortality if untreated is

Rhinoviruses are effectively treated with antibiotics.

What is the most likely reason why smokers are more at risk for respiratory system infections?

Which statement regarding common colds and adenoviral respiratory tract infections is True?

Mycoplasmal and Klebsiella pneumonias

The signs and symptoms of adenovirus respiratory tract infections may be confused with those of

How are pleurisy and pneumonia are different?

In which disease are monoclonal antibodies against PA protein used as treatment?

Why are pneumococcal pneumonia infections so dangerous in nursing homes?

Which antibiotics may be completely ineffective in treating a mycoplasmal infection?

Antigenic shifts may be the result of

Two relatively widespread North American lung mycoses are

Which of the following proteins produced by B. anthracis function together to kill phagocytes?

Why is legionellosis not treated with β-lactam medications?

Virulence factors used by S. pyogenes include all of the following EXCEPT

Mycoplasma is effectively treated with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics.

Histoplasmosis may mimic tuberculosis.

Humans and the Microbial World

The Molecules of Life

Microscopy and Cell Structure

Dynamics of Microbial Growth

Control of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Bacterial Genetics

Biotechnology

Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms

The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The Innate Immune Response

The Adaptive Immune Response

Host-Microbe Interactions

Immunological Disorders

Applications of Immune Responses

Epidemiology

Antimicrobial Medications

Skin Infections

Wound Infections

Digestive System Infections

Blood and Lymphatic Infections

Nervous System Infections

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Microbial Ecology

Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats

Food Microbiology

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