Exam 24: Congenital Cardiac Defects

Which of the following clinical pathophysiologic manifestations are consistent with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD)? I. The majority of the blood flow are shunted from left right to right left. II. Shunting typically occurs during ventricular diastole, which causes left atrial enlargement. III. Chest radiography reveals an enlarged cardiac silhouette and increased pulmonary vascular markings, increasing pulmonary blood flow. IV. Thickening and fibrosing of the pulmonary veins develop, decreasing pulmonary artery pressure.

At birth, what factor causes dilation of the pulmonary vascular bed and a decrease in the pulmonary vascular resistance?

Which of the following clinical manifestations is consistent with an atrial septal defect (ASD)?

A therapist monitoring an infant after a Blalock-Tausig shunt placement notices a significant drop in the end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) despite no changes in the infant's respiratory rate. How should the therapist interpret this change?

A condition in which blood flow out of the right ventricle is obstructed because of atresia of the pulmonary valve is more consistent with which of the following defects?

Which of the following vessels return blood to the right ventricle? I.. Pulmonary vein II. Inferior vena cava III. Superior vena cava IV. Coronary sinus

Low signal strength on a plethysmogram may indicate which of the following?

Identify the congenital cardiac defect depicted in the following illustration:

How should the therapist interpret a preductal-to-postductal PaO₂ difference of 8 mm Hg in a neonate?

Which of the following is a risk if PVR decreases in the first days of life in infants with HLHS?

Which of the following methods is involved in the management of a PDA?

What factor is responsible for closure of the foramen ovale?

Identify the following congenital cardiac anomaly:

The therapist is monitoring a patient in the CICU with a cardiac abnormality. They notice a narrowing pulse pressure. Which of the following could result? I. A low stroke volume II. Increased cardiac output III. Poor ventricular function IV. Impaired venous return

Which of the following is the correct statement regarding the path of blood as it travels through the heart?

Which of the following statements describe truncus arteriosus? I. It is a rare defect in which a single great artery arises from the ventricles of the heart. II. If PVR increases relative to systemic vascular resistance (SVR), more blood flows to the lungs through the truncus, decreasing systemic cardiac output. III. Oxygen should be avoided in almost all circumstances in the preoperative setting. IV. Patients may undergo complete biventricular repair in the newborn period.

The therapist is treating a child with TOF who appears to be having a "spell." What should the therapist suggest to treat this event? I. Prone positioning II. Knee-chest position to increase SVR III. Morphine sulfate IV. Oxygen

Which of the following blood flow patterns occurs in complete transposition of the great arteries?

Why must supplemental oxygen be judiciously administered to patients with an atrioventricular canal defect?

For which of the following congenital cardiac defects are considered ductal dependent, and closure of the ductus arteriosus could have catastrophic consequences for the patient? I.. Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia II. Atrial septal defect III. Severe coarctation of the aorta IV. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome