Exam 26: Pediatric Airway Disorders and Parenchymal Lung Diseases

A 30-month-old child is brought to the emergency room (ER) by the parents. The child appears to have a sore throat along with dysphagia, fever, and voice changes. The child exhibits a "hot potato voice." Visualization of the posterior pharynx reveals a displaced retropharynx. What condition does this child likely have?

A 10-month-old child has been brought into the emergency room (ER) by his or her parents, who state that after few days with low-grade fever, malaise, and rhinorrhea, their child presented with a "barking" cough and increased work of breathing. What condition is this child likely exhibiting?

A therapist has been asked to evaluate a child suspected of having foreign body aspiration. Which of the following clinical conditions would guide the therapist to the diagnosis?

Which of the following radiographic techniques is best for determining the presence of a ball-valve type obstruction?

The therapist has been asked to evaluate the chest radiograph of a 3-month-old boy with atelectasis. Which pulmonary lobe has the greatest tendency to collapse in young infants?

While performing auscultation on a 2-month-old child, the therapist hears wheezes equal in pitch across all regions of the chest; however, they seem loudest in the vicinity of the sternum. From which of the following anatomic structures is the wheezing likely originating?

Which of the following lateral neck radiographic presentations is characteristic of laryngotracheobronchitis?

An 18-month-old child has been admitted with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis due to RSV. The therapist has administered a single dose of albuterol and racemic epinephrine, but the child shows no signs of improvement. What should the therapist suggest at this time?

Relative to an adult's larynx, where is an infant's larynx situated?

As the therapist auscultates over an infant's larynx, he hears a very low-pitched sound. On the basis of this finding, what impression is he or she likely to have regarding the nature of the upper airway obstruction?

Diagnosis of TB in children requires which of the following special considerations?

The therapist is evaluating a child in the emergency department who displays the following signs: inability to cry, ineffective cough, high-pitched inspiratory sound, and cyanosis. What should the therapist suspect?

A 4-year-old child is brought into the emergency room (ER) by her parents, who state that an abrupt high fever developed along with a severe sore throat, dysphagia with drooling, and cough. In the ER, the girl exhibits stridor, muffled voice without hoarseness, air hunger, and cyanosis. She also has suprasternal, substernal, and intercostal retractions, with nasal flaring, bradypnea, and dyspnea. The child is sitting upright with her chin thrust forward and her neck hyperextended in a tripod position. What condition is she likely exhibiting?

A 3-year-old child has been diagnosed with epiglottitis and was intubated due to severe respiratory distress. After 24 hours of antibiotics, the therapist is considering extubation. What will be an acceptable leak before considering extubation?

A child presents to the emergency department with fever, tachypnea, nasal flaring, and shallow breathing. The physical exam of the chest reveals the presence of crackles, increased tactile fremitus, and dullness to percussion. What should the therapist suspect the diagnosis is?

An 11-month-old child has been treated with bronchodilators for persistent wheezing without a positive clinical response. Which of the following conditions should the therapist suspect?

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is considered positive for VAP when which of the following conditions occur? I. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are greater than 25 per optic field at a magnification *100. II. Squamous epithelial cells are less than 1%. III. Axilary temperature of greater than 37°C. IV. One or more microorganisms are seen per optic field at a magnification of 1:1000.

A 3-year-old child has the following clinical presentations in the ER: Profound nasal congestion and productive cough Chest auscultation revealing diffuse coarse, "sticky" crackles (sounding like Velcro) Chest radiograph revealing lung hyperinflation with flattened hemidiaphragms What pulmonary condition does this infant likely have?

Tracheomalacia is a condition of dynamic tracheal collapse. Which of the following injurious events can be associated with this condition?

Which of the following medications should be administered to a 4-year-old child with symptomatic LTB and respiratory compromise?