Question 1

When compared to asexual reproduction, costs of sexual reproduction potentially include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  increased numbers of genes passed on to one's offspring. 
B)  increased predator exposure risks. 
C)  increased energy costs involved in reproductive organs. 
D)  increased energy costs involved with mating behaviors. 
A)  increased numbers of genes passed on to one's offspring. 
B)  increased predator exposure risks. 
C)  increased energy costs involved in reproductive organs. 
D)  increased energy costs involved with mating behaviors.

Question 2

In most species, what process is responsible for sex ratios of approximately one to one?

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic sex determination 
B)  frequency-dependent selection 
C)  environmental sex determination 
D)  selective abortion 
A)  genetic sex determination 
B)  frequency-dependent selection 
C)  environmental sex determination 
D)  selective abortion

Question 3

What is the main difference between promiscuity and polygamy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polygamy entails the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas promiscuity does not. 
B)  Promiscuity entails the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas polygamy does not. 
C)  Polygamy always involves one male with multiple females, whereas promiscuity can involve one female with multiple males. 
D)  Promiscuity and polygamy are the same mating system. 
A)  Polygamy entails the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas promiscuity does not. 
B)  Promiscuity entails the establishment of a long-term social bond, whereas polygamy does not. 
C)  Polygamy always involves one male with multiple females, whereas promiscuity can involve one female with multiple males. 
D)  Promiscuity and polygamy are the same mating system.

Question 4

What is the idea that a female selects the healthiest mate called?

Accepted Answer

A)  the handicapped principle 
B)  the good genes hypothesis 
C)  the good health hypothesis 
D)  the runaway sexual selection concept 
A)  the handicapped principle 
B)  the good genes hypothesis 
C)  the good health hypothesis 
D)  the runaway sexual selection concept

Question 5

Hermaphrodism is

Accepted Answer

A)  rare in species that engage in brood care. 
B)  common in mobile aquatic animals. 
C)  common in species that actively seek mates. 
D)  rare in flowering plants. 
A)  rare in species that engage in brood care. 
B)  common in mobile aquatic animals. 
C)  common in species that actively seek mates. 
D)  rare in flowering plants.

Question 6

The male golden orb-weaving spider (Nephila clavipes) dies while still joined with the female following copulation. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  extra-pair copulation. 
B)  mate guarding. 
C)  monogamy. 
D)  the handicap principle. 
A)  extra-pair copulation. 
B)  mate guarding. 
C)  monogamy. 
D)  the handicap principle.

Question 7

In ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), long spurs on the lower legs of males are genetically linked to a gene that influences the bird's susceptibility to disease (birds with longer spurs have histocompatibility complex genes that are linked to longer life spans). This is called

Accepted Answer

A)  an honest signal. 
B)  a true signal. 
C)  the handicap principle. 
D)  the good health hypothesis. 
A)  an honest signal. 
B)  a true signal. 
C)  the handicap principle. 
D)  the good health hypothesis.

Question 8

Production of offspring from the nonsexual tissues of a parent is called

Accepted Answer

A)  mitosis. 
B)  binary fission. 
C)  clonal duplication. 
D)  vegetative reproduction. 
E)  parthenogenesis. 
A)  mitosis. 
B)  binary fission. 
C)  clonal duplication. 
D)  vegetative reproduction. 
E)  parthenogenesis.

Question 9

In many species females are different from males in appearance. This difference in phenotype between the sexes is called

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual selection. 
B)  sexual dimorphism. 
C)  sexual diversity. 
D)  sexual richness. 
A)  sexual selection. 
B)  sexual dimorphism. 
C)  sexual diversity. 
D)  sexual richness.

Question 10

Some species of anglerfish have a unique mating strategy. Males are significantly smaller than females, and early in development they permanently attach to females. A female usually has multiple males attached, and when the female is ready to reproduce, one of the attached males provides sperm for fertilization. This mating strategy is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  polyandry. 
B)  promiscuity. 
C)  polygyny. 
D)  monogamy. 
A)  polyandry. 
B)  promiscuity. 
C)  polygyny. 
D)  monogamy.

Question 11

Scientists have demonstrated that as herbivory on orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) flowers increases, the proportion of selfing to outcrossing flowers increases. This occurs because

Accepted Answer

A)  herbivores prefer the nectar of outcrossing flowers because of their increased sugar content. 
B)  the plant requires rapid reproduction to compensate for biomass loss due to herbivory. 
C)  selfing flowers contain more phenolics and tannins that herbivores avoid. 
D)  the loss of resources due to herbivory causes plants to make less expensive selfing flowers. 
A)  herbivores prefer the nectar of outcrossing flowers because of their increased sugar content. 
B)  the plant requires rapid reproduction to compensate for biomass loss due to herbivory. 
C)  selfing flowers contain more phenolics and tannins that herbivores avoid. 
D)  the loss of resources due to herbivory causes plants to make less expensive selfing flowers.

Question 12

Organisms can avoid self-fertilization by

Accepted Answer

A)  sequential hermaphrodism. 
B)  simultaneous hermaphrodism. 
C)  cloning. 
D)  binary fission. 
A)  sequential hermaphrodism. 
B)  simultaneous hermaphrodism. 
C)  cloning. 
D)  binary fission.

Question 13

In genetic sex determination, if a genotype of XX is female and XY is male, what will be the natural percentage of female offspring?

Accepted Answer

A)  25 
B)  75 
C)  50 
D)  80 
A)  25 
B)  75 
C)  50 
D)  80

Question 14

Research using DNA analysis has shown that, with most bird species, the eggs within a nest being incubated at the same time may be the product of a single female and more than one male. This is finding is evidence of

Accepted Answer

A)  polygyny. 
B)  polyandry. 
C)  extra-pair copulation. 
D)  promiscuity. 
A)  polygyny. 
B)  polyandry. 
C)  extra-pair copulation. 
D)  promiscuity.

Question 15

Female red deer (Cervus elaphus) of different ages were found to give birth to fawns of differing sex ratios by means of

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature-dependent sex determination. 
B)  frequency-dependent selection. 
C)  local mate competition. 
D)  selective abortion. 
A)  temperature-dependent sex determination. 
B)  frequency-dependent selection. 
C)  local mate competition. 
D)  selective abortion.

Question 16

The evolution of physical traits of males to attract females or to compete with other males to mate with females is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual dimorphism. 
B)  sexual selection. 
C)  sexual polymorphism. 
D)  mate guarding. 
A)  sexual dimorphism. 
B)  sexual selection. 
C)  sexual polymorphism. 
D)  mate guarding.

Question 17

Parthenogenesis occurs when offspring are produced

Accepted Answer

A)  from a parent's gonad tissue. 
B)  by a cell dividing into two identical cells. 
C)  from an unfertilized embryo. 
D)  from a parent's nonsexual tissue. 
E)  clonally. 
A)  from a parent's gonad tissue. 
B)  by a cell dividing into two identical cells. 
C)  from an unfertilized embryo. 
D)  from a parent's nonsexual tissue. 
E)  clonally.

Question 18

Evolution favors hermaphrodism when fitness of the hermaphrodite is _____ the fitness of the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  less than; male 
B)  less than; female 
C)  less than; male or female 
D)  greater than; male or female 
E)  equal to; male or female 
A)  less than; male 
B)  less than; female 
C)  less than; male or female 
D)  greater than; male or female 
E)  equal to; male or female

Question 19

Infanticide by a new dominant male lion confers which primary benefit to the dominant male?

Accepted Answer

A)  Resources are not spent on cubs not related to the dominant male. 
B)  The dominant male does not have to care for unrelated cubs. 
C)  The aggressiveness of the act establishes the male's dominance in the pack. 
D)  Female lions are ready to breed again sooner when they are not caring for cubs. 
A)  Resources are not spent on cubs not related to the dominant male. 
B)  The dominant male does not have to care for unrelated cubs. 
C)  The aggressiveness of the act establishes the male's dominance in the pack. 
D)  Female lions are ready to breed again sooner when they are not caring for cubs.

Question 20

Why might an organism self-fertilize rather than outcross?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-fertilization reduces inbreeding depression. 
B)  Self-fertilization produces more viable offspring than outcrossing. 
C)  Attracting mates is expensive. 
D)  Self-fertilization produces more offspring than outcrossing. 
A)  Self-fertilization reduces inbreeding depression. 
B)  Self-fertilization produces more viable offspring than outcrossing. 
C)  Attracting mates is expensive. 
D)  Self-fertilization produces more offspring than outcrossing.

Exam 9: Reproductive Strategies

When compared to asexual reproduction, costs of sexual reproduction potentially include all of the following EXCEPT

In most species, what process is responsible for sex ratios of approximately one to one?

What is the main difference between promiscuity and polygamy?

What is the idea that a female selects the healthiest mate called?

Hermaphrodism is

The male golden orb-weaving spider (Nephila clavipes) dies while still joined with the female following copulation. This is an example of

In ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), long spurs on the lower legs of males are genetically linked to a gene that influences the bird's susceptibility to disease (birds with longer spurs have histocompatibility complex genes that are linked to longer life spans). This is called

Production of offspring from the nonsexual tissues of a parent is called

In many species females are different from males in appearance. This difference in phenotype between the sexes is called

Scientists have demonstrated that as herbivory on orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) flowers increases, the proportion of selfing to outcrossing flowers increases. This occurs because

Organisms can avoid self-fertilization by

In genetic sex determination, if a genotype of XX is female and XY is male, what will be the natural percentage of female offspring?

Research using DNA analysis has shown that, with most bird species, the eggs within a nest being incubated at the same time may be the product of a single female and more than one male. This is finding is evidence of

Female red deer (Cervus elaphus) of different ages were found to give birth to fawns of differing sex ratios by means of

The evolution of physical traits of males to attract females or to compete with other males to mate with females is known as

Parthenogenesis occurs when offspring are produced

Evolution favors hermaphrodism when fitness of the hermaphrodite is _____ the fitness of the _____.

Infanticide by a new dominant male lion confers which primary benefit to the dominant male?

Why might an organism self-fertilize rather than outcross?

Introduction: Ecology, Evolution, and the Scientific Method

Adaptations to Aquatic Environments

Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments

Adaptations to Variable Environments

Climates and Soils

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Evolution and Adaptation

Life Histories

Social Behaviors

Population Distributions

Population Growth and Regulation

Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

Predation and Herbivory

Parasitism and Infectious Diseases

Competition

Mutualism

Community Structure

Community Succession

Movement of Energy in Ecosystems

Movement of Elements in Ecosystems

Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity

Global Conservation of Biodiversity

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Evolution favors hermaphrodism when fitness of the hermaphrodite is _ the fitness of the _.