Question 1

The predominant extracellular anion is

Accepted Answer

A)  protein. 
B)  phosphate. 
C)  bicarbonate. 
D)  chloride. 
E)  sodium. 
A)  protein. 
B)  phosphate. 
C)  bicarbonate. 
D)  chloride. 
E)  sodium.

Question 2

Match the symptom with one of the causes.
-hypopolarization of cardiac muscle

Accepted Answer

A) hyperkalemia 
B) hypokalemia 
A) hyperkalemia 
B) hypokalemia

Question 3

Ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolic acidosis. 
B)  metabolic alkalosis. 
C)  respiratory acidosis. 
D)  respiratory alkalosis. 
E)  None of these choices is correct. 
A)  metabolic acidosis. 
B)  metabolic alkalosis. 
C)  respiratory acidosis. 
D)  respiratory alkalosis. 
E)  None of these choices is correct.

Question 4

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "D" represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased BP 
B)  increased renin secretion 
C)  angiotensinogen 
D)  angiotensin II 
E)  increased sodium and water reabsorption results in increased BP 
A)  decreased BP 
B)  increased renin secretion 
C)  angiotensinogen 
D)  angiotensin II 
E)  increased sodium and water reabsorption results in increased BP

Question 5

Calcium balance is influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH and parathyroid hormone levels. 
B)  ADH and aldosterone levels. 
C)  parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. 
D)  aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels. 
E)  insulin and glucagon. 
A)  ADH and parathyroid hormone levels. 
B)  ADH and aldosterone levels. 
C)  parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels. 
D)  aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels. 
E)  insulin and glucagon.

Question 6

Increased ADH secretion could be stimulated by which of the following situations?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased renal blood flow 
B)  increased blood osmolality 
C)  increased atrial natriuretic hormone production 
D)  increased blood pressure 
E)  decreased blood osmolality 
A)  increased renal blood flow 
B)  increased blood osmolality 
C)  increased atrial natriuretic hormone production 
D)  increased blood pressure 
E)  decreased blood osmolality

Question 7

Azetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic. It functions by blocking the activity of carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This slows the formation of carbonic acid. By slowing the formation of hydrogen ions in the cells of the tubule, sodium reabsorption is also slowed. This results in the diuretic effect. Select from the following list the possible side-effects of Azetazolamide. (1) acidosis
(2) reduced movement of bicarbonate ion into the plasma
(3) an alkaline urine is produced
(4) respiration increases

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 4 
B)  2, 3 
C)  1, 2, 3 
D)  2, 3, 4 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4 
A)  1, 4 
B)  2, 3 
C)  1, 2, 3 
D)  2, 3, 4 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4

Question 8

Where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma 
B)  intracellular fluid 
C)  interstitial fluid 
D)  lymph 
A)  plasma 
B)  intracellular fluid 
C)  interstitial fluid 
D)  lymph

Question 9

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

Accepted Answer

A)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion. 
B)  elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion. 
C)  the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased. 
D)  aldosterone levels increase. 
E)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion. 
A)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to increase ADH secretion. 
B)  elevated blood pressure stimulates renin secretion. 
C)  the amount of angiotensin II formed is increased. 
D)  aldosterone levels increase. 
E)  baroreceptors signal the hypothalamus to decrease ADH secretion.

Question 10

Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  increased secretion of hydrogen ions. 
B)  decreased secretion of hydrogen ions. 
C)  no change in secretion of hydrogen ions. 
A)  increased secretion of hydrogen ions. 
B)  decreased secretion of hydrogen ions. 
C)  no change in secretion of hydrogen ions.

Question 11

Which of the following events occurs last?

Accepted Answer

A)  release of renin by the kidney 
B)  release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex 
C)  sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules 
D)  angiotensinogen$\rightarrow$ angiotensin I 
E)  angiotensin I $\rightarrow$ angiotensin II 
A)  release of renin by the kidney 
B)  release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex 
C)  sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules 
D)  angiotensinogen$\rightarrow$ angiotensin I 
E)  angiotensin I $\rightarrow$ angiotensin II

Question 12

Potassium levels in the body are regulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH. 
B)  PTH. 
C)  calcitonin. 
D)  aldosterone. 
E)  insulin. 
A)  ADH. 
B)  PTH. 
C)  calcitonin. 
D)  aldosterone. 
E)  insulin.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  bicarbonate buffer system 
B)  phosphate buffer system 
C)  protein buffer system 
D)  NaCl buffer system 
E)  hemoglobin buffer 
A)  bicarbonate buffer system 
B)  phosphate buffer system 
C)  protein buffer system 
D)  NaCl buffer system 
E)  hemoglobin buffer

Question 14

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called __________ and is important in ____________ control.

Accepted Answer

A)  insensible perspiration; blood volume 
B)  insensible perspiration; heat loss 
C)  sensible perspiration; blood volume 
D)  sensible perspiration; temperature 
A)  insensible perspiration; blood volume 
B)  insensible perspiration; heat loss 
C)  sensible perspiration; blood volume 
D)  sensible perspiration; temperature

Question 15

Indicate which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur as a result of the condition described.
-excessive intake of antacids

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory acidosis 
B) respiratory alkalosis 
C) metabolic acidosis 
D) metabolic alkalosis 
A) respiratory acidosis 
B) respiratory alkalosis 
C) metabolic acidosis 
D) metabolic alkalosis

Question 16

As the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of sodium lost in the urine

Accepted Answer

A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  remains the same. 
A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  remains the same.

Question 17

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for alkalosis; (2) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for acidosis

Accepted Answer

A) Choose this if the first item is greater than the second item. 
B) Choose this if the first item is less than the second item. 
C) Choose this if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item. 
A) Choose this if the first item is greater than the second item. 
B) Choose this if the first item is less than the second item. 
C) Choose this if the first item is equal or nearly equal to the second item.

Question 18

The cation that plays a major role in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma is

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium. 
B)  potassium. 
C)  chloride. 
D)  phosphate. 
E)  hydrogen ion. 
A)  sodium. 
B)  potassium. 
C)  chloride. 
D)  phosphate. 
E)  hydrogen ion.

Question 19

Chloride ions

Accepted Answer

A)  are cations. 
B)  are found only inside cells. 
C)  are part of the DNA molecule. 
D)  are regulated with Na+. 
E)  are not found in extracellular fluid. 
A)  are cations. 
B)  are found only inside cells. 
C)  are part of the DNA molecule. 
D)  are regulated with Na+. 
E)  are not found in extracellular fluid.

Question 20

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "B" represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased BP 
B)  increased renin secretion 
C)  angiotensinogen 
D)  angiotensin II 
E)  increased sodium and water reabsorption results in increased BP 
A)  decreased BP 
B)  increased renin secretion 
C)  angiotensinogen 
D)  angiotensin II 
E)  increased sodium and water reabsorption results in increased BP

Exam 27: Water, Electrolytes, and Acidbase Balance

The predominant extracellular anion is

Match the symptom with one of the causes. -hypopolarization of cardiac muscle

Ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "D" represent?

Calcium balance is influenced by

Increased ADH secretion could be stimulated by which of the following situations?

Where is the highest concentration of bicarbonate ion found?

Elevated blood pressure under resting conditions results in increased urinary output because

Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to

Which of the following events occurs last?

Potassium levels in the body are regulated by

Which of the following is NOT a buffer system of the body?

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called __________ and is important in ____________ control.

Indicate which acid-base imbalance is most likely to occur as a result of the condition described. -excessive intake of antacids

As the rate of sweat production increases, the amount of sodium lost in the urine

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for alkalosis; (2) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for acidosis

The cation that plays a major role in determining the osmotic pressure of the plasma is

Chloride ions

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "B" represent?

The Human Organism

The Chemical Basis of Life

Cell Biology

Tissues

Integumentary System

Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy

Joints and Movement

Muscular System: Histology and Physiology

Muscular System: Gross Anatomy

Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Brain and Cranial Nerves

Integration of Nervous System Functions

The Special Senses

Autonomic Nervous System

Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Endocrine Glands

Cardiovascular System: Blood

Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Development, Growth, Aging, and Genetics

Filters

Loss of water through diffusion and evaporation from the skin is called and is important in __ control.