Question 1

Level of processing theory suggests that longer-lasting memory codes are the result of ____ levels of processing.

Accepted Answer

A)  broader 
B)  narrower 
C)  deeper 
D)  shallower 
A)  broader 
B)  narrower 
C)  deeper 
D)  shallower

Question 2

____ would best explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the correct term and you say to yourself, "I can't believe I forgot this" when in reality you never knew the answer in the first place.

Accepted Answer

A)  Retrieval failure 
B)  Interference 
C)  Pseudoforgetting 
D)  Decay 
A)  Retrieval failure 
B)  Interference 
C)  Pseudoforgetting 
D)  Decay

Question 3

The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

Accepted Answer

A)  enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes. 
B)  composed of declarative and procedural elements. 
C)  composed of episodic and semantic codes. 
D)  composed of schematic and nonschematic elements. 
A)  enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes. 
B)  composed of declarative and procedural elements. 
C)  composed of episodic and semantic codes. 
D)  composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.

Question 4

The encoding specificity principle states that

Accepted Answer

A)  forgetting is due only to the passage of time. 
B)  forgetting is usually due to interference from competing memories. 
C)  retrieval failure is often due to a mismatch between the available retrieval cues and the memory code. 
D)  forgetting involves purposeful suppression of memories. 
A)  forgetting is due only to the passage of time. 
B)  forgetting is usually due to interference from competing memories. 
C)  retrieval failure is often due to a mismatch between the available retrieval cues and the memory code. 
D)  forgetting involves purposeful suppression of memories.

Question 5

Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called

Accepted Answer

A)  functional models. 
B)  dual coding models. 
C)  information processing models. 
D)  parallel distributed processing models. 
A)  functional models. 
B)  dual coding models. 
C)  information processing models. 
D)  parallel distributed processing models.

Question 6

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately 
B)  schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory 
C)  schemas make individuals more likely to remember typical events 
D)  schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events 
A)  schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately 
B)  schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory 
C)  schemas make individuals more likely to remember typical events 
D)  schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events

Question 7

During the month of January when you write the date on your checks you often will write the wrong year on the check. You have difficulty remembering to write the new year because of

Accepted Answer

A)  proactive interference. 
B)  retroactive interference. 
C)  memory decay. 
D)  response inhibition. 
A)  proactive interference. 
B)  retroactive interference. 
C)  memory decay. 
D)  response inhibition.

Question 8

A sensory memory

Accepted Answer

A)  usually lasts for about 30 seconds. 
B)  can be maintained by rehearsal. 
C)  is usually stored acoustically. 
D)  gives you additional time to try to recognize a stimulus. 
A)  usually lasts for about 30 seconds. 
B)  can be maintained by rehearsal. 
C)  is usually stored acoustically. 
D)  gives you additional time to try to recognize a stimulus.

Question 9

Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  very gradually over long periods of time. 
B)  only after several days have passed. 
C)  as a result of interference with other information. 
D)  very rapidly after learning something. 
A)  very gradually over long periods of time. 
B)  only after several days have passed. 
C)  as a result of interference with other information. 
D)  very rapidly after learning something.

Question 10

The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early psychologists?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hermann Ebbinghaus 
B)  Sigmund Freud 
C)  John Watson 
D)  Wilhelm Wundt 
A)  Hermann Ebbinghaus 
B)  Sigmund Freud 
C)  John Watson 
D)  Wilhelm Wundt

Question 11

The idea that when you think about a word it triggers related words is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  a conceptual hierarchy response. 
B)  clustering. 
C)  elaborative rehearsal. 
D)  spreading activation within a semantic network. 
A)  a conceptual hierarchy response. 
B)  clustering. 
C)  elaborative rehearsal. 
D)  spreading activation within a semantic network.

Question 12

The study of source monitoring - the process of making attributions about the origins of memories - is MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Brenda Milner 
B)  Endel Tulving 
C)  Marcia Johnson 
D)  Elizabeth Loftus 
A)  Brenda Milner 
B)  Endel Tulving 
C)  Marcia Johnson 
D)  Elizabeth Loftus

Question 13

Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund raising. This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of

Accepted Answer

A)  prospective memory processes. 
B)  spreading activation within a semantic network. 
C)  schema-based recall of information. 
D)  mood-congruent memory. 
A)  prospective memory processes. 
B)  spreading activation within a semantic network. 
C)  schema-based recall of information. 
D)  mood-congruent memory.

Question 14

Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?

Accepted Answer

A)  phonemic, semantic, structural 
B)  structural, semantic, phonemic 
C)  semantic, phonemic, structural 
D)  structural, phonemic, semantic 
A)  phonemic, semantic, structural 
B)  structural, semantic, phonemic 
C)  semantic, phonemic, structural 
D)  structural, phonemic, semantic

Question 15

Sensory memory

Accepted Answer

A)  is the same as the working memory. 
B)  is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. 
C)  preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. 
D)  is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. 
A)  is the same as the working memory. 
B)  is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. 
C)  preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second. 
D)  is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

Question 16

Which stage(s) of memory is(are) best characterized as a "reconstruction of the past?"

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory memory 
B)  short-term memory 
C)  long-term memory 
D)  short-term and long-term memory 
A)  sensory memory 
B)  short-term memory 
C)  long-term memory 
D)  short-term and long-term memory

Question 17

A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units, or nodes, that operate much like

Accepted Answer

A)  neurons. 
B)  computer chips. 
C)  chromosomes. 
D)  wheels on a car. 
A)  neurons. 
B)  computer chips. 
C)  chromosomes. 
D)  wheels on a car.

Question 18

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding. 
B)  retrieval. 
C)  chunking. 
D)  storage. 
A)  encoding. 
B)  retrieval. 
C)  chunking. 
D)  storage.

Question 19

In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

Accepted Answer

A)  ablated. 
B)  modeled. 
C)  retrieved. 
D)  encoded. 
A)  ablated. 
B)  modeled. 
C)  retrieved. 
D)  encoded.

Question 20

Ebbinghaus' research suggested that memory for meaningless information is forgotten

Accepted Answer

A)  very gradually over several days. 
B)  very gradually for several hours and then at a very rapid rate. 
C)  very rapidly in the first few hours after learning. 
D)  immediately. 
A)  very gradually over several days. 
B)  very gradually for several hours and then at a very rapid rate. 
C)  very rapidly in the first few hours after learning. 
D)  immediately.

Exam 13: Human Memory Part 1

Level of processing theory suggests that longer-lasting memory codes are the result of ____ levels of processing.

____ would best explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the correct term and you say to yourself, "I can't believe I forgot this" when in reality you never knew the answer in the first place.

The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

The encoding specificity principle states that

Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called

Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

During the month of January when you write the date on your checks you often will write the wrong year on the check. You have difficulty remembering to write the new year because of

A sensory memory

Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs

The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early psychologists?

The idea that when you think about a word it triggers related words is referred to as

The study of source monitoring - the process of making attributions about the origins of memories - is MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?

Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?

Sensory memory

Which stage(s) of memory is(are) best characterized as a "reconstruction of the past?"

A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units, or nodes, that operate much like

Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is

In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

Ebbinghaus' research suggested that memory for meaningless information is forgotten

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