Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding nutrition is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dietary protein is a source of essential amino acids 
B)  Organisms can produce all of the essential energy yielding nutrients and micronutrients needed 
C)  Complex carbohydrates can provide simple sugars for the glycolytic pathway 
D)  Essential fatty acids are components of biological membranes 
E)  Fiber is needed to help clear the digestive tract 
A)  Dietary protein is a source of essential amino acids 
B)  Organisms can produce all of the essential energy yielding nutrients and micronutrients needed 
C)  Complex carbohydrates can provide simple sugars for the glycolytic pathway 
D)  Essential fatty acids are components of biological membranes 
E)  Fiber is needed to help clear the digestive tract

Question 2

Explain the significance of carbohydrates.​

Accepted Answer

The principal purpose of carbohydrate in

Question 3

The statements are correct about the diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  niacin deficiency leads to gout. 
B)  vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness that can be reversed by adding β-carotene to the diet. 
C)  vitamin B12 prevents pernicious anemia. 
D)  vitamin D deficiency leads to demineralization of bones and rickets. 
E)  vitamin C prevents scurvy. 
A)  niacin deficiency leads to gout. 
B)  vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness that can be reversed by adding β-carotene to the diet. 
C)  vitamin B12 prevents pernicious anemia. 
D)  vitamin D deficiency leads to demineralization of bones and rickets. 
E)  vitamin C prevents scurvy.

Question 4

What causes pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) to be so versatile?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reacts very quickly with simple sugars. 
B)  Its ability to be a one or two electron carrier. 
C)  The formation of a thioester bond. 
D)  Its ability to transfer methyl groups. 
E)  Its ability to form a Schiff base and act as an electron sink. 
A)  It reacts very quickly with simple sugars. 
B)  Its ability to be a one or two electron carrier. 
C)  The formation of a thioester bond. 
D)  Its ability to transfer methyl groups. 
E)  Its ability to form a Schiff base and act as an electron sink.

Question 5

All of the following are chemoheterotrophs EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococci aureus. 
B)  fungi. 
C)  algae. 
D)  animals. 
E)  non-photosynthetic roots. 
A)  Staphylococci aureus. 
B)  fungi. 
C)  algae. 
D)  animals. 
E)  non-photosynthetic roots.

Question 6

What coenzyme is found in pyruvate decarboxylase that aids in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thiamine pyrophosphate 
B)  Folic acid 
C)  Biotin 
D)  Lipoic acid 
E)  none of the above 
A)  Thiamine pyrophosphate 
B)  Folic acid 
C)  Biotin 
D)  Lipoic acid 
E)  none of the above

Question 7

Since both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are spontaneous pathways, which of the following explains how this is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis uses 10 enzyme catalyzed steps while gluconeogenesis uses 11 
B)  the three irreversible steps of glycolysis have alternate routes for gluconeogenesis 
C)  glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate while gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to glucose 
D)  glycolysis is oxidative while gluconeogenesis is reductive 
E)  glycolysis is catabolic while gluconeogenesis is anabolic 
A)  glycolysis uses 10 enzyme catalyzed steps while gluconeogenesis uses 11 
B)  the three irreversible steps of glycolysis have alternate routes for gluconeogenesis 
C)  glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate while gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to glucose 
D)  glycolysis is oxidative while gluconeogenesis is reductive 
E)  glycolysis is catabolic while gluconeogenesis is anabolic

Question 8

Discuss the classification of organisms based on their use of oxygen as an electron acceptor.​

Accepted Answer

The organisms that can use oxygen as an

Question 9

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate has a ΔG´° of + 8.4 kJ/mol. How can a reaction such as this proceed in a cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  it must be coupled to ATP hydrolysis 
B)  the product must be rapidly used in a subsequent step of the pathway 
C)  it can only occur with the help of an enzyme 
D)  this reaction can not proceed and must go in the reverse manner 
E)  both B and C are correct 
A)  it must be coupled to ATP hydrolysis 
B)  the product must be rapidly used in a subsequent step of the pathway 
C)  it can only occur with the help of an enzyme 
D)  this reaction can not proceed and must go in the reverse manner 
E)  both B and C are correct

Question 10

Discuss the role of NADPH in anabolic processes.​

Accepted Answer

When the hydrocarbon chains of fatty aci

Question 11

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → ____ + CO2 + ____

Accepted Answer

A)  oxaloacetate; ATP 
B)  malonyl CoA; NADH + H+ 
C)  methylmalonyl CoA; biotin 
D)  acetyl CoA; NADH + H+ 
E)  succinyl CoA; NAD+ 
A)  oxaloacetate; ATP 
B)  malonyl CoA; NADH + H+ 
C)  methylmalonyl CoA; biotin 
D)  acetyl CoA; NADH + H+ 
E)  succinyl CoA; NAD+

Question 12

In photosynthesis, NADPH is generated as light is used to oxidize ____ to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  water; O2 
B)  water; CO2 
C)  NADPH; O2 
D)  water; NADP+ 
E)  CO2; NADPH 
A)  water; O2 
B)  water; CO2 
C)  NADPH; O2 
D)  water; NADP+ 
E)  CO2; NADPH

Question 13

Whcih of the following is NOT a characteristic of aerobic catabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

A)  an example of a catabolic pathway is the conversion of hexoses to 3-carbon compounds 
B)  ADP is phosphorylated to ATP as a result of such pathways. 
C)  NADH is a common product of such pathways 
D)  Water is oxidized to O2 
E)  generally, the energy produced by such pathways is greater than the energy required to activate the substrates for the pathway 
A)  an example of a catabolic pathway is the conversion of hexoses to 3-carbon compounds 
B)  ADP is phosphorylated to ATP as a result of such pathways. 
C)  NADH is a common product of such pathways 
D)  Water is oxidized to O2 
E)  generally, the energy produced by such pathways is greater than the energy required to activate the substrates for the pathway

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

A)  catabolic pathways are generally reductive while anabolic pathways are generally oxidative 
B)  catabolic pathways use a wide variety of substrates to produce a small number of waste products. 
C)  an amphibolic pathway is extremely wasteful because it simultaneously operates as both an anabolic pathway and a catabolic pathway. 
D)  NAD+ is used as a reducing agent in catabolic pathways while NADPH is used as an oxidizing agent in anabolic pathways 
E)  none of the above 
A)  catabolic pathways are generally reductive while anabolic pathways are generally oxidative 
B)  catabolic pathways use a wide variety of substrates to produce a small number of waste products. 
C)  an amphibolic pathway is extremely wasteful because it simultaneously operates as both an anabolic pathway and a catabolic pathway. 
D)  NAD+ is used as a reducing agent in catabolic pathways while NADPH is used as an oxidizing agent in anabolic pathways 
E)  none of the above

Question 15

Many of the catabolic pathways converge to the common two-carbon intermediate:

Accepted Answer

A)  alanine. 
B)  acetyl group of acetyl-CoA. 
C)  lactic acid. 
D)  glucose. 
E)  carbon dioxide. 
A)  alanine. 
B)  acetyl group of acetyl-CoA. 
C)  lactic acid. 
D)  glucose. 
E)  carbon dioxide.

Question 16

From the following types of organic molecules, the order of most reduced to most oxidized is:
A.aldehyde
B.hydrocarbon
C.CO2
D.alcohol
E.carboxylic acid

Accepted Answer

A)  A, B, C, D, E 
B)  B, E, A, D, C 
C)  C, B, E, A, D 
D)  B, D, A, E, C 
E)  C, D, E, B, A 
A)  A, B, C, D, E 
B)  B, E, A, D, C 
C)  C, B, E, A, D 
D)  B, D, A, E, C 
E)  C, D, E, B, A

Question 17

A possible function of NADPH is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  provide reducing equivalents to synthesize glucose from CO2. 
B)  carry electrons from anabolic reactions. 
C)  provide a source of hydrogens for oxidative biosynthesis. 
D)  be reduced by hydride ions to form NAD+. 
E)  produce an oxidative product. 
A)  provide reducing equivalents to synthesize glucose from CO2. 
B)  carry electrons from anabolic reactions. 
C)  provide a source of hydrogens for oxidative biosynthesis. 
D)  be reduced by hydride ions to form NAD+. 
E)  produce an oxidative product.

Question 18

Which statement is most likely to be true concerning obligate anaerobes?

Accepted Answer

A)  These organisms can use oxygen if it is present in their environment. 
B)  These organisms cannot use oxygen as their final electron acceptor. 
C)  These organisms carry out fermentation for at least 50% of their ATP production. 
D)  Most of these organisms are vegetative fungi. 
E)  None of the above. 
A)  These organisms can use oxygen if it is present in their environment. 
B)  These organisms cannot use oxygen as their final electron acceptor. 
C)  These organisms carry out fermentation for at least 50% of their ATP production. 
D)  Most of these organisms are vegetative fungi. 
E)  None of the above.

Question 19

In phototrophs, ____ and ____ are the two energy-rich primary products from the transformation of light energy into chemical energy.

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP; NAD+ 
B)  NADPH; ATP 
C)  NADH; NADPH 
D)  ATP; NADH 
E)  ATP; NADH. 
A)  ATP; NAD+ 
B)  NADPH; ATP 
C)  NADH; NADPH 
D)  ATP; NADH 
E)  ATP; NADH.

Question 20

Which of the following is the major advantage of a multi-enzyme complex?

Accepted Answer

A)  it's large size enables it to span an entire membrane 
B)  the product of one enzyme is passed directly to the next enzyme without the possibility of diffusion 
C)  multi-enzyme complexes are much less likely to be inhibited 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  it's large size enables it to span an entire membrane 
B)  the product of one enzyme is passed directly to the next enzyme without the possibility of diffusion 
C)  multi-enzyme complexes are much less likely to be inhibited 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above

Exam 17: Metabolism: an Overview

Which of the following statements regarding nutrition is FALSE?

Explain the significance of carbohydrates.​

The statements are correct about the diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies EXCEPT:

What causes pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) to be so versatile?

All of the following are chemoheterotrophs EXCEPT:

What coenzyme is found in pyruvate decarboxylase that aids in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids?

Since both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are spontaneous pathways, which of the following explains how this is true?

Discuss the classification of organisms based on their use of oxygen as an electron acceptor.​

The conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate has a ΔG´° of + 8.4 kJ/mol. How can a reaction such as this proceed in a cell?

Discuss the role of NADPH in anabolic processes.​

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → ____ + CO2 + ____

In photosynthesis, NADPH is generated as light is used to oxidize ____ to ____.

Whcih of the following is NOT a characteristic of aerobic catabolic pathways?

Which of the following statements is true regarding metabolic pathways?

Many of the catabolic pathways converge to the common two-carbon intermediate:

From the following types of organic molecules, the order of most reduced to most oxidized is: A.aldehyde B.hydrocarbon C.CO2 D.alcohol E.carboxylic acid

A possible function of NADPH is to:

Which statement is most likely to be true concerning obligate anaerobes?

In phototrophs, ____ and ____ are the two energy-rich primary products from the transformation of light energy into chemical energy.

Which of the following is the major advantage of a multi-enzyme complex?

The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena

Water: the Medium of Life

Thermodynamics of Biological Systems

Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond

Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions

Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure

Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces

Lipids

Membranes and Membrane Transport

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Recombinant Dna, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology

Enzymeskinetics and Specificity

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

Enzyme Regulation

Molecular Motors

Glycolysis

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Lipid Biosynthesis

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism

Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization

Dna Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair

Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression

Protein Synthesis

Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation

The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information

Filters

Explain the significance of carbohydrates.

Discuss the classification of organisms based on their use of oxygen as an electron acceptor.

Discuss the role of NADPH in anabolic processes.

Pyruvate + CoA + NAD⁺ → + CO₂ +

In photosynthesis, NADPH is generated as light is used to oxidize to .

From the following types of organic molecules, the order of most reduced to most oxidized is: A.aldehyde B.hydrocarbon C.CO₂ D.alcohol E.carboxylic acid

In phototrophs, and are the two energy-rich primary products from the transformation of light energy into chemical energy.