Question 1

All are characteristics associated with "brown fat" EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  high levels of mitochondria rich in cytochromes. 
B)  presence of uncoupler protein-1, thermogenin, in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 
C)  energy from oxidation is converted to heat. 
D)  found in newborns and hibernating animals. 
E)  all are characteristics. 
A)  high levels of mitochondria rich in cytochromes. 
B)  presence of uncoupler protein-1, thermogenin, in the mitochondrial inner membrane. 
C)  energy from oxidation is converted to heat. 
D)  found in newborns and hibernating animals. 
E)  all are characteristics. E

Question 2

Under strenuous aerobic exercise, which of the following would be true for skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  only glucose will serve as a fuel source 
B)  only fatty acids will serve as a fuel source 
C)  both glucose and fatty acids will be used as fuel with the use of glucose increasing with the intensity of the exercise 
D)  both glucose and fatty acids will be used as fuel with the use of fatty acids increasing with the intensity of the exercise 
E)  none of the above 
A)  only glucose will serve as a fuel source 
B)  only fatty acids will serve as a fuel source 
C)  both glucose and fatty acids will be used as fuel with the use of glucose increasing with the intensity of the exercise 
D)  both glucose and fatty acids will be used as fuel with the use of fatty acids increasing with the intensity of the exercise 
E)  none of the above C

Question 3

Discuss the two types of short-term regulators of eating behavior.

Accepted Answer

Short-term regulators of eating include ghrelin and cholecystokinin. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone produced in the stomach. Production of ghrelin is maximal when the stomach is empty, but ghrelin levels fall quickly once food is consumed. Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone released from the gastrointestinal tract during eating. In contrast to ghrelin, cholecystokinin signals satiety (the sense of fullness) and tends to curtail further eating. Together, ghrelin and cholecystokinin constitute a meal-to-meal control system that regulates the onset and end of eating behavior. The activity of this control system is also modulated by the long-term regulators insulin and leptin.​

Question 4

Glucose is pivotal to adipocyte metabolism in all areas EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  forms DHAP for reduction and esterification of fatty acids. 
B)  provides glucose-6-phosphate for generating NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway. 
C)  synthesizes ketone bodies. 
D)  converts glucose to fatty acids for storage and export. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  forms DHAP for reduction and esterification of fatty acids. 
B)  provides glucose-6-phosphate for generating NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway. 
C)  synthesizes ketone bodies. 
D)  converts glucose to fatty acids for storage and export. 
E)  all are true.

Question 5

An energy charge (EC) of 0.9 is roughly 80% ATP, 17% ADP and 3% AMP. At this EC, ____ enzyme activities are low and ____ enzyme activities higher.

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP generating; ATP utilizing 
B)  ATP generating; NADH producing 
C)  ATP utilizing; ATP generating 
D)  ATP utilizing; NADH producing 
E)  NADH producing; ATP generating 
A)  ATP generating; ATP utilizing 
B)  ATP generating; NADH producing 
C)  ATP utilizing; ATP generating 
D)  ATP utilizing; NADH producing 
E)  NADH producing; ATP generating

Question 6

Fatty acids are released from adipocytes when:

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin levels are high. 
B)  glycerol-3-phosphate levels are high. 
C)  adipose ATP levels are high. 
D)  blood glucose levels are low. 
E)  none are true. 
A)  insulin levels are high. 
B)  glycerol-3-phosphate levels are high. 
C)  adipose ATP levels are high. 
D)  blood glucose levels are low. 
E)  none are true.

Question 7

Leptin is an important hormone that indicates a generally satisfactory amount of metabolites available in the body. Which of the following is true regarding leptin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Leptin is produced in adipose tissue in response to the presence of large amounts of triacylglycerols 
B)  One of the results of leptin production is the increase in thermogenesis in adipose tissue brought about through an increase in the expression of thermogenin 
C)  The primary site of leptin's action is upon the hypothalamus where it ultimately results in the release of norepinephrine 
D)  All of the above are correct 
E)  A and C are correct 
A)  Leptin is produced in adipose tissue in response to the presence of large amounts of triacylglycerols 
B)  One of the results of leptin production is the increase in thermogenesis in adipose tissue brought about through an increase in the expression of thermogenin 
C)  The primary site of leptin's action is upon the hypothalamus where it ultimately results in the release of norepinephrine 
D)  All of the above are correct 
E)  A and C are correct

Question 8

In addition to carbohydrate and lipid energy metabolism, the liver serves other purposes EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  producing insulin to regulate metabolism. 
B)  converting amino acids into metabolic fuel. 
C)  ketone body production. 
D)  detoxification of poisons and drugs. 
E)  Gluconeogenesis. 
A)  producing insulin to regulate metabolism. 
B)  converting amino acids into metabolic fuel. 
C)  ketone body production. 
D)  detoxification of poisons and drugs. 
E)  Gluconeogenesis.

Question 9

Discuss brown fat.​

Accepted Answer

​
A specialized type of adipose tissue,

Question 10

Of the following, which tissue is correctly described?

Accepted Answer

A)  brain: use of glucose and fatty acids as fuel 
B)  pancreas: production of insulin and glucagon 
C)  adipose tissue: storage of carbohydrates and triacylglycerols 
D)  liver: overall control of metabolism through hormone production 
E)  none of the above are correct 
A)  brain: use of glucose and fatty acids as fuel 
B)  pancreas: production of insulin and glucagon 
C)  adipose tissue: storage of carbohydrates and triacylglycerols 
D)  liver: overall control of metabolism through hormone production 
E)  none of the above are correct

Question 11

During strictly anaerobic exercise, muscle cells preferentially:

Accepted Answer

A)  carboxylate pyruvate to oxaloacetate. 
B)  oxidize pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. 
C)  decarboxylate pyruvate to acetaldehyde. 
D)  reduce pyruvate to lactate. 
E)  none of the above. 
A)  carboxylate pyruvate to oxaloacetate. 
B)  oxidize pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. 
C)  decarboxylate pyruvate to acetaldehyde. 
D)  reduce pyruvate to lactate. 
E)  none of the above.

Question 12

The brain prefers to use ____ as fuel, but under prolonged fasting or starvation it adapts to use ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  fatty acids; glucose 
B)  glucose; β-hydroxybutyrate 
C)  glycogen; fatty acids 
D)  glucose; fatty acids 
E)  β-hydroxybutyrate; amino acids 
A)  fatty acids; glucose 
B)  glucose; β-hydroxybutyrate 
C)  glycogen; fatty acids 
D)  glucose; fatty acids 
E)  β-hydroxybutyrate; amino acids

Question 13

All are uses of glucose-6-phosphate in liver EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  catabolized to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid biosynthesis. 
B)  generate NADPH and pentoses. 
C)  released as glucose to blood stream. 
D)  converted to glycogen. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  catabolized to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid biosynthesis. 
B)  generate NADPH and pentoses. 
C)  released as glucose to blood stream. 
D)  converted to glycogen. 
E)  all are true.

Question 14

____ and ____ are unique in that they are the only compounds whose purpose is to couple the energy-yielding processes of ____ to the energy-consuming reactions of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  NADH; ATP; catabolism; anabolism 
B)  ATP; [FADH2]; catabolism; anabolism 
C)  [FADH2]; NADH; anabolism; catabolism 
D)  ATP; NADPH; catabolism; anabolism 
E)  ATP; NADPH; anabolism; catabolism 
A)  NADH; ATP; catabolism; anabolism 
B)  ATP; [FADH2]; catabolism; anabolism 
C)  [FADH2]; NADH; anabolism; catabolism 
D)  ATP; NADPH; catabolism; anabolism 
E)  ATP; NADPH; anabolism; catabolism

Question 15

During prolonged fasting (more than 48 hours), which of the following would show a dramatically increased concentration in the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose 
B)  fatty acids 
C)  ketone bodies 
D)  lipoproteins 
E)  none of the above 
A)  glucose 
B)  fatty acids 
C)  ketone bodies 
D)  lipoproteins 
E)  none of the above

Question 16

Discuss energy charge.​

Accepted Answer

​The role of the adenylate system is to

Question 17

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  heart is completely aerobic. 
B)  heart prefers fatty acids as fuel. 
C)  heart has more phosphocreatine than skeletal muscle. 
D)  heart has limited quantities of glycogen. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  heart is completely aerobic. 
B)  heart prefers fatty acids as fuel. 
C)  heart has more phosphocreatine than skeletal muscle. 
D)  heart has limited quantities of glycogen. 
E)  all are true.

Question 18

The two metabolic roles served by ATP are:

Accepted Answer

A)  promoting increased reaction speed and dephosphorylation. 
B)  changing both Km and Vmax. 
C)  allosteric regulation and stoichiometric involvement. 
D)  preventing futile cycles and changing Km. 
E)  none of the above. 
A)  promoting increased reaction speed and dephosphorylation. 
B)  changing both Km and Vmax. 
C)  allosteric regulation and stoichiometric involvement. 
D)  preventing futile cycles and changing Km. 
E)  none of the above.

Question 19

All are characteristics of brain tissue EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  2% or so of body mass. 
B)  20% of oxygen consumed by brain. 
C)  oxygen consumption is independent of mental activity. 
D)  has no significant fuel reserves. 
E)  all are true. 
A)  2% or so of body mass. 
B)  20% of oxygen consumed by brain. 
C)  oxygen consumption is independent of mental activity. 
D)  has no significant fuel reserves. 
E)  all are true.

Question 20

The reaction, ATP + AMP → 2ADP, is catalyzed by:

Accepted Answer

A)  adenylate phosphorylase. 
B)  AMP-phosphotransferase. 
C)  ADP mutase. 
D)  adenylate kinase. 
E)  none are true. 
A)  adenylate phosphorylase. 
B)  AMP-phosphotransferase. 
C)  ADP mutase. 
D)  adenylate kinase. 
E)  none are true.

Exam 27: Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization

All are characteristics associated with "brown fat" EXCEPT:

Under strenuous aerobic exercise, which of the following would be true for skeletal muscle?

Discuss the two types of short-term regulators of eating behavior.

Glucose is pivotal to adipocyte metabolism in all areas EXCEPT:

An energy charge (EC) of 0.9 is roughly 80% ATP, 17% ADP and 3% AMP. At this EC, ____ enzyme activities are low and ____ enzyme activities higher.

Fatty acids are released from adipocytes when:

Leptin is an important hormone that indicates a generally satisfactory amount of metabolites available in the body. Which of the following is true regarding leptin?

In addition to carbohydrate and lipid energy metabolism, the liver serves other purposes EXCEPT:

Discuss brown fat.​

Of the following, which tissue is correctly described?

During strictly anaerobic exercise, muscle cells preferentially:

The brain prefers to use ____ as fuel, but under prolonged fasting or starvation it adapts to use ____.

All are uses of glucose-6-phosphate in liver EXCEPT:

____ and ____ are unique in that they are the only compounds whose purpose is to couple the energy-yielding processes of ____ to the energy-consuming reactions of ____.

During prolonged fasting (more than 48 hours), which of the following would show a dramatically increased concentration in the blood?

Discuss energy charge.​

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT:

The two metabolic roles served by ATP are:

All are characteristics of brain tissue EXCEPT:

The reaction, ATP + AMP → 2ADP, is catalyzed by:

The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena

Water: the Medium of Life

Thermodynamics of Biological Systems

Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond

Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions

Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure

Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces

Lipids

Membranes and Membrane Transport

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Recombinant Dna, Cloning, Chimeric Genes, and Synthetic Biology

Enzymeskinetics and Specificity

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

Enzyme Regulation

Molecular Motors

Metabolism: an Overview

Glycolysis

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Lipid Biosynthesis

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism

Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Dna Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair

Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression

Protein Synthesis

Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation

The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information

Filters

An energy charge (EC) of 0.9 is roughly 80% ATP, 17% ADP and 3% AMP. At this EC, enzyme activities are low and enzyme activities higher.

Discuss brown fat.

The brain prefers to use as fuel, but under prolonged fasting or starvation it adapts to use .

and are unique in that they are the only compounds whose purpose is to couple the energy-yielding processes of to the energy-consuming reactions of .

Discuss energy charge.